- •Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (на английском языке)
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •I. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Outline
- •1.1. Phonetics Among Other Parts of Language
- •1.2. Vocal Mechanism
- •1.3. Branches of Phonetics
- •Sphere of Application of Phonetics
- •1.4. Aspects of Speech Sounds. Units of Phonetics
- •1.5. Methods of Investigation Used in Phonetics
- •Questions
- •II. Phoneme as a unit of language Outline
- •2.1. The Phoneme Theory in Russia and other countries
- •2.2. Definition of the phoneme and its functions
- •2.3. Types of allophones and the main features of the phoneme
- •2.4. Methods of the phonemic analysis
- •2.5. Main phonological schools
- •Questions
- •III. Regional and stylistic varieties of English pronunciation Outline
- •3.1. Pronunciation Standard of British English
- •3.2. Styles of Pronunciation
- •3.3. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British English
- •3.1. Pronunciation Standard of British English
- •3.2. Styles of Pronunciation
- •3.3. Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British English
- •British English
- •Scotland
- •Ireland
- •Questions
- •IV. The English Articulation Bases Outline
- •4.1. Differences in the articulation bases of English and Russian vowels
- •4.2. Differences in the articulation bases of English and Russian consonants
- •4.1. Differences in the articulation bases of English and Russian vowels
- •4.2. Differences in the articulation bases of English and Russian consonants
- •Questions
- •V. American-Based Pronunciation Standards of English. American English Outline
- •5.1. The Problem of the American Pronunciation Standard
- •5.2. The Principal Features of the American Pronunciation Standard
- •5.1. The Problem of the American Pronunciation Standard
- •5.2. The Principal Features of the American Pronunciation Standard
- •Questions
- •VI. The English Vowels Outline
- •6.1. General Principals of vowel formation
- •6.2. The English Vowel System
- •6.3. The Diphthong theory
- •6.1. General Principals of vowel formation
- •6.2. The English Vowel System
- •6.3. The Diphthong theory
- •Questions
- •VII. The English Consonants Outline
- •7.1. General Principles of Consonant Formation
- •7.2. The English Consonant System
- •7.3. The problem of affricates
- •7.1. General Principles of Consonant Formation
- •7.2. The English Consonant System
- •7.3. The problem of affricates
- •Questions
- •VIII. Modifications of Phonemes in Connected Speech Outline
- •8.1. The Phenomenon of Adaptation.
- •8.2. English Vowels in Connected Speech.
- •8.3. English Consonants in Connected Speech.
- •8.1. The Phenomenon of Adaptation
- •8.2. English Vowels in Connected Speech
- •8.3. English Consonants in Connected Speech
- •Questions
- •IX. Alternations of speech sounds in English Outline
- •9.1. The notion of alternation and its types
- •9.2. Contextual alternations in English
- •9.1. The notion of alternation and its types
- •1) Vowel Alternations
- •2) Consonant Alternations
- •9.2. Contextual alternations in English
- •Questions
- •X. The syllabic structure in English Outline
- •10.1. Principal theories on syllable formation and division
- •10.2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •10.1. Theories on syllable formation and division
- •10.2. The structure and functions of syllables in English
- •Questions
- •XI. Rhythmical and Syntactic Structure of Connected speech Outline
- •11.1. Different theories of Rhythmical and Syntactic Structure of Connected speech
- •11.2. The functions of syntagm
- •11.3. Syntactic content of syntagm
- •11.1. Different theories of Rhythmical and Syntactic Structure of Connected speech
- •11.2. The functions of syntagm
- •11.3. Syntactic content of syntagms
- •Questions
- •XII. Word stress in English Outline
- •12.1. Nature of word stress and its functions
- •12.2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •12.1. Nature of word stress and its functions
- •12.2. Place of word stress in English. Degrees of stress
- •Questions
- •XIII. Sentence Stress Outline
- •13.1. Notion of sentence stress. Degrees of sentence stress
- •13.2. Functions of sentence stress
- •13.1. Notion of sentence stress. Degrees of sentence stress
- •13.2. Function of sentence stress
- •XIV. Intonation in English Outline
- •14.1. Intonation: definition, approaches, functions
- •14.2. Components of intonation and the structure of English tone-group
- •14.1. Intonation: approaches, definitions, functions
- •Questions
- •14.2. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group
- •Questions
- •Список использованной литературы
- •Учебное издание теоретическая фонетика английского языка (на английском языке)
Введение
В настоящее время дисциплина «Теоретическая фонетика» приобретает все большую актуальность. Это связано с тем, что внешние взаимоотношения между странами постоянно расширяются, появляются все новые дисциплины, взаимосвязанные с английским языком, все нужнее становятся специалисты, хорошо владеющие языком, слухо-произносительными навыками, а подготовка специалистов – лингвистов немыслима без их тщательной подготовки в облаcти фонетики – то есть постановки правильной артикуляции звуков, произношения в системе Received Pronunciation, умения в любых ситуациях использовать нужную интонацию, умения правильно читать.
Цель учебного пособия - помочь студентам - будущим учителям английского языка и специалистам по английской филологии, овладеть основами теории фонетики с целью формирования когнитивной базы о звуковом строении английского языка и его компонентов для лучшего понимания их роли в устной вербальной коммуникации. Лингвистическая компетенция как результат усвоения знаний по предмету теоретической фонетики также улучшит навыки практического владения произношением, которое является важной составляющей иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции.
Изучению данного теоретического курса предшествуют занятия по практической фонетике. Поэтому естественной опорой данного курса является та сумма знаний, умений и навыков, которая была накоплена студентами за предыдущие годы обучения.
Данное пособие призвано ознакомить студентов с современным состоянием науки о фонетическом строе английского языка, обобщить и углубить знания фонетики, которыми студенты владеют в результате изучения нормативного курса практической фонетики, развить у них способность самостоятельно делать практические выводы при наблюдении над теоретическим материалом, а также научить студентов применять теоретические знания при решении профессиональных задач в преподавании английского языка. Это касается прежде всего таких вопросов, как выбор учебной произносимой нормы, типы произносительных ошибок, транскрибирование и тому подобное.
Пособие состоит из тематических разделов, каждый из которых имеет следующую структуру:
1) изложение теоретического материала согласно плану;
2) вопросы для самоконтроля понимания теории.
Объем каждой темы определяется спецификой теоретического материала, но в целом он подан в минимальном объёме. Следует рекомендовать студентам дополнительным источникам информации, которые указаны в списке использованной литературы.
Вопросы для самоконтроля можно использовать при обсуждении соответствующих тем в аудитории или как средство контроля при самостоятельном прорабатывании этого материала.
I. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Outline
1.1. Phonetics among other parts of language
1.2. Vocal mechanism
1.3. Branches of Phonetics. Sphere of application of Phonetics
1.4. Aspects of speech sounds. Units of Phonetics
1.5. Methods of investigation used in Phonetics
1.1. Phonetics Among Other Parts of Language
The word "phonetics" is derived from the Greek “phona” (‘sound’) and is used in two different meanings:
1) to some authors, usually non-phoneticians, phonetics is that part of grammar which deals with speech sounds;
2) to phoneticians, however, phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics which is concerned with the phonetic structure of a language.
In the XIXth and even at the beginning of the XXth century phonetics considered to be a part of grammar but the increasing recognition of the importance of phonetics in the study of a language, has led to great achievements in the field of phonetics. The development of the theory of phonemes, for instance, has caused a revolution in the treatment of many phonetic phenomena. A number of other important phonetic concepts have been developed; it is therefore possible to assert that phonetics should no longer be considered a part of grammar.
Phonetics occupies a peculiar position. On the one hand, phonetics is quite independent, and develops according to its own laws. Today the sphere of phonetics is wider and deeper than ever before; phonemes and their distribution in words, their mutual adaptation, stress, syllable formation, intonation, the relation between oral and written speech and a number of other problems have now become objects of phonetic investigation.
On the other hand, phonetics is closely connected with a number of other sciences, such as physics (or rather acoustics), biology, physiology and others. The more phonetics develops, the more various branches of science become involved in the field of phonetic investigation.
Phonetics is connected with such linguistic sciences as grammar, lexicology and stylistics.
Through the system of rules of reading phonetics is connected with grammar and helps to pronounce correctly singular and plural forms of nouns (e. g. books, bags, boxes), the past tense forms and past participles of English regular verbs (e. g. beg – begged, want – wanted, wish - wished).
Sound interchange is another manifestation of the connection of phonetics with grammar. For instance, this connection can be observed in the category of number (e. g. calf – calves [f – v], leaf - leaves [f – v], bath – baths [ - ], house – houses [s – z], man – men [ - e]…); in the tense forms of irregular verbs (e. g. sing – sang – sung; write – wrote– written, etc.); in distinguishing parts of speech (e. g. use n [s] – use v [z]).
Phonetics is also connected with grammar through its intonation component. Sometimes intonation alone can serve to single out the logical predicate of the sentence ('He came home. He 'came home. He came 'home.). In affirmative sentences the rising nuclear tone may serve to show that it is an interrogation (He 'came home.).
Phonetics is also connected with lexicology. We can distinguish certain nouns from verbs (formed by conversion), e.g. 'abstract реферат — to ab'stract извлекать; 'object предмет — to ob'ject не одобрять; 'transfer перенос — to transfer переносить.
Homographs can be differentiated only due to pronunciation, because they are identical in spelling, e.g. bow [bou] лук — bow [bau] поклон; lead [li:d] руководство — lead [led] свинец.
Due to the position of word accent we can distinguish between homonymous words and word groups, e.g. `blackbird дрозд — 'black `bird черная птица.
Phonetics is also connected with stylistics first of all through intonation and its components: speech melody, word stress, rhythm, pausation and voice timbre which serve to express emotions, to distinguish between different attitudes on the part of the author and speaker. Phonetics is also connected with stylistics through repetition of words, phrases and sounds. Repetition of this kind serves the bases of rhythm, rhyme and alliteration. Onomatopoeia, a combination of sounds which imitate sounds produced in nature, is one more stylistic device which can serve as an example of the connection between phonetics and stylistics. E.g. tinkle, jingle, clink, ting, chink; chatter, jabber, clatter, babble; chirp, cheep, twitter, chirrup; slap, clap, dab, smack; crash, clang, bang.
Phonetics is an essential part of language because it gives language a definite form; the vocabulary and grammar of a language can function only when the language has phonetic form.
We may now define phonetics as the study of the phonic medium. Phonetics is the study of the way humans make, transmit, and receive speech sounds. Phonetics occupies itself with the study of the ways in which the sounds are organized into a system of units and the variation of the units in all types and styles of spoken language.
