9. Administrative apparatus

Administrative apparatus is a term that describes all institutions that constitute administration of the state. Namely - central organs of administration, such as ministries, central offices,agencies, institutions of local government, public institutions such as hospitals, schools etc.

There are different reasons why administration is divided into different branches and levels - typically it is due to functional reasons- there is a need for specific knowledge about subject, that must be concentrated in order to be used, and therefore such institution needs to be organized and set as separate. There are also organizational reasons - it may be more efficient to separate or to merge two administrative organs. There are also territorial reasons - certain duties make sense in given area, so therefore this are needs separate organ of administration. There are also financial reasons -minimizing of costs of administration.

10. Organizing administrative apparatus.

a) centralization. Administration can be centralized or decentralized. In centralized administration all decisions originate at the top,and then they are executed by subjugated organs of lower order. There is clear hierarchy of institutions, institutions of lower level are directly responsible to institutions of higher level. And decision of lower level institution can always be overridden by one that is above it in hierarchy.

In decentralized administration we have opposite situation - administrative institutions are acting in more independent way, and they are not organized hierarchically. Decentralized organs have their own, reserved competencies and duties, they are independent from organs of higher order in that regard.

b) Autonomy Decentralization however is different than autonomy. Autonomy means designating certain territory as being legally independent from central authorities of the state in given areas of law. That means, that on this territory legal order of the state can be unilaterally changed within limits set by autonomy. In decentralization we don’t have such differences, decentralized organs have to follow central authorities-they just receive higher level of freedom within structure of administration -t hey don’t have to report directly to others, they are separately responsible for execution of law that central authorities are issuing. In autonomy, local authorities are using their own law and are executing it.

c) concentration Administration can also be concentrated or de-concetrated. concentrated administration means, that one organ or couple or organs have control over a lot of areas of state, if not all. De-concetrated administration means, that competencies are dispersed among many administrative institutions and bodies.

The difference between decentralization and de-concentration is simple - decentralization regulates dependences between organs of administration. Whereas de-concentration means, that duties of administration are dispersed among many situations - those intuitions can however still be centralized. Centralization - decentralization describes way in which administrative institutions relate to each other. Concentration -de-concentration describes displacement of competencies between those bodies.

Structure:

Local authorities (decentralized administration), central authorities (centralized administration)

self-governance: state gives certain areas of life ability to regulate its issues separately and within its environment without the need of relying on the government directly (setting matters of given type of activity within group that is committed tot his activity). Occupation self governance, religious self-governance,commerce self-governance (chambers of commerce) etc.