English-English vocabulary.

Unit 1

anaesthetics - n.a branch of medical science dealing with anesthesia

appeal – v. attract, like, fancy

attract – v.appeal, like, fancy

branch – n. department, limb, path

building – n. structure, construction, premises

care – n. treatment, concern, mind

clinician – n. a physician, psychiatrist, etc, who specializes in clinical work as opposed to one engaged in laboratory or experimental studies

degree – n. an academic award conferred by a university or college on successful completion of a course or as an honorary distinction

experience – n. practice, test, knowledge

general practitioner – a physician who does not specialize but has a medical practice (general practice) in which he deals with all illnesses.

geriatrics – n. the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems specific to the aged.

health centre – premises, owned by a local authority, providing health care for the local community and usually housing a group practice, nursing staff, a child-health clinic, X-ray facilities, etc

include (in) – v. contain, hold

internal medicine – the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of diseases, esp. of internal organ systems.

medical practitioner –someone who practices medicine

oppose – v. stand against, persist, prevent

order - n.disposition, command, direction

paediatrician – n.a medical practitioner who specializes in paediatrics (the branch of medical science concerned with children and their diseases)

physician – n. a person who practices general medicine as distinct from surgery.

practise – v. engage, work

prefer – v. choose, present, introduce

primary - adj. main, elementary, primordial

private – adj. personal, individual, particular

provide (for) – v. insure, allow, give

qualify – v. prepare, train, exercise

research – n. study, investigation, examination

specialty – n. branch, particularity, line, speciality

surgery – n.the branch of medicine concerned with treating disease, injuries, etc, by means of manual or operative procedures, especially by incision into the body

treat – v. cure, heal

Unit 2

accompany – v.escort, lead, follow,

addition – n. inclusion, extension, accession

admission –n. a patient accepted for inpatient service in a hospital.

admit – v.take, accept, receive

allied health professionals – a generic UK term for professions that provide ancillary medical services and have patient contact which (per NHS-Scotland), include clinical psychology, podiatry, dietetics, occupational therapy, orthoptics, physiotherapy, radiography (diagnostic and radiotherapy), speech and language therapy.

associate specialist – a senior middle-grade doctor working in the UK, who has trained and gained experience in a medical or surgical specialty but has not gone on to become a consultant. These doctors usually work independently but are attached to a clinical team led by a consultant in their specialty.

belong to– v. pertain, reside, appertain

bleeper – n. pager

complete - v. finish, wind up, terminate

consultant - a physician or surgeon who does not take actual charge of a patient, but acts in an advisory capacity to the patient's primary physician.

current – adj.modern, contemporary, present

device – n. appliance, equipment, mechanism

dischargе – v..release from a hospital or other course of care

discuss – v. argue, debate, confer

ECG (electrocardiography) -a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph

examine – v.inspect, survey, check

Foundation Programme – the now-standard, completely revamped programme for training doctors in the UK, in which each doctor, upon completion of medical school, rotates through electives for two years before beginning his/her specialty training.

graduate from – v.to be granted an academic degree or diploma

main – adj. primary, major, particular

management – n. control, administration, authority

medical history – information obtained from the patient to aid in establishing a medical diagnosis and developing a treatment plan.

multidisciplinary team –  a team of professionals including representatives of different disciplines who coordinate the contributions of each profession, which are not considered to overlap, in order to improve patient care.

necessary – adj. essential, urgent, required

pre-registration house officer (PRHO) – a now-retired term for a mandatory year of training in hospital medicine undertaken by all doctors in the UK upon completion of their medical degree.

provisional diagnosis –  formed or performed for temporary purposes

receive –v.take, accept, obtain

recently – adv. lately, in the latest days

responsible –adj.accountable, chargeable

rota – a primarily UK term for a rotating schedule of similar work performed by a group of individuals in the same field of work or profession—e.g., junior doctors covering a particular service, or consultants working in the same department.

senior doctor – a specialist (consultant) in a particular area of medicine.

senior house officer – an obsolete junior doctor post in the UK, which followed the pre-registration house officer year and precedes GP or specialty training.

shift – n.the working period of such a group

specialist registrar – a junior doctor in training under the pre-2006 system who was tracked to become a consultant. 

specialize (in) – v.concentrate on, focus on, centre on

specific – adj.certain, definite, particular

staff – n.the professional personnel of a hospital.

title – n. name, degree, grade

treatment – n.therapy, cure, medication

turn – n. rotation, line, round

ward –n.a room in a hospital (usually holding six or more patients)

ward round – a so-called firm—with doctors from the top (consultant) to the bottom (FY1) of the organization—visits each patient on their list, reviewing their history, examination, investigations and treatment.

workplace - n. place of work (office, company, organization, hospital, clinic etc.)

X-ray (roentgenography) - radiography that uses X-rays to produce a roentgenogram

Unit 3

advice - n. consultation, opinion, counsel

accredit – v. give official authorization

advice - n. consultation, opinion, counsel

advocacy – n. promotion

applicant – n. candidate, challenger

apply - v. use, take

benign- adj. favorable, harmless, innocent

blood pressure – the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries.

carry out – v. perform, do, achieve

charge nurse – a nurse in charge of a ward in a hospital

collaborative – adj. united, cooperative

cut – v. cut off, excise, remove, dissect

cyst - n. an abnormal membranous sac containing a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance

demand – v. need, require

deteriorate – v. make worse, degenerate, break down

district nurse – a nurse employed within the National Health Service to attend patients in a particular area, usually by visiting them in their own homes

drug - n. a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or as a component of a medication

effort - n. try, exertion, application

eligible – adj.legal, lawful

grade – n. class, rate, degree

health facility – hospital, surgery, clinic

heath visitor – a nurse employed by a district health authority to visit people in their homes and give help and advice on health and social welfare, especially to mothers of preschool children, to the handicapped, and to elderly people

illness - n. disease, sick, malady

lesion - n. failure, damage, injury

midwife – n. a person, usually a woman, who is trained to assist women in childbirth

midwifery - n.(Gynaecology & Obstetrics) the art or practice of a midwife; obstetrics

mole – n. a small congenital growth on the human skin, usually slightly raised and dark and sometimes hairy, especially a pigmented nevus.

nurse manager - the nurse with management responsibilities of a nursing unit. They typically report to a service director. They have primary responsibilities for staffing, budgeting, and day-to-day operations of the unit.

nurse –n. a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.

nursing auxiliary-an individual or group that assists or functions in a supporting capacity

obtain – v. get, receive, take

operating theatre - a room in which surgical operations are performed

perform – v. carry out, do, achieve

prescribe – v. order, enjoin, dictate

prevention – n.preclusion, obviation, debarment

procedure - n. manipulation, operation

promotion – n. advancement, assistance

pulse rate – the number of pulsations noted in a peripheral artery per unit of time

recent - adj. last, new, fresh

recruit – v. replenish, hook, fill out

relevant – adj. suitable, appropriate, right,

removal - n. resection, excision, amputation

require – v. need, demand

reserve for – v. encharge, intrust, put on

responsibility - n. charge, blame, engagement

staff nurse – a qualified nurse in the UK who is either a member of the ward team or temporary staff working regularly on the ward 

student nurse – a student in a program leading to certification in a form of nursing

support – v. maintain, help, assist

support worker –  provide vital assistance to healthcare professionals in diagnosing, treating and caring for patients.

suture - n. catgut, silk thread, or wire used to stitch together two bodily surfaces

train - n. coach, teach, qualify, exercise

waiting list – a list of people waiting to obtain some object, treatment, status, etc

ward clerk - a worker on a nursing unit who schedules patients for prescribed studies, prepares charts for patients, answers the phone on the unit, and handles other general clerical tasks. 

Unit 4

advise– v. consult, recommend, give advice

aid – n.help, assistance, support

ambulance - – n. a specially equipped motor vehicle, airplane, ship, etc., for carrying sick or injured people, usually to a hospital.

amputation – n.a surgical removal of all or part of a limb

artificial – adj. synthetic, simulated, made, false

blindness – n. partially or completely lacking in the sense of eyesight

chiropodist (podiatrist) – n. a person qualified to diagnose and treat foot disorders.

club foot (talipes) – a congenital deformity of the foot, especially one in which the foot is twisted so that most of the weight rests on the heel. 

condition – n. status, fortune, position

contact lens – n. a thin plastic or glass lens that is fitted over the cornea of the eye to correct various vision defects

deafness – n. partially or completely lacking in the sense of hearing.

deformity – n. deformation, ugliness, defect

depends on – v. rely, hinge, turn on

development – n.growth, evolution, progress,

difficult – adj. hard, tight, unpleasant

disability – n. incapability, failure, disablement

equipment – n. outfit, apparatus, installation

exercise – n. training, workout, gymnastic

eyesight – n.the ability to see; vision

heat – n. warmth, warming

intraocular pressure - pressure exerted by the fluids inside the eyeball;

joint – n. articulation

limb – n. extremity, member, part

manipulate – v. move, play around, affect

mental – adj. psychical, ideal, intelligence

muscle – n. a tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting to effect bodily movement.

occupational therapy - the use of productive or creative activity in the treatment or rehabilitation of physically or emotionally disabled people.

ophthalmologist – n.a medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases

optician – n.  a person qualified to examine the eyes and prescribe and supply spectacles and contact lenses

orthotics – n.the science that deals with the use of specialized mechanical devices to support or supplement weakened or abnormal joints or limbs

pain – n. ache, hurt

paramedic – n.a member of an ambulance crew trained in a number of life-saving skills, including infusion and cardiac care

physical – adj. somatic, bodily, natural

physiotherapy – n.the treatment or management of physical disability, malfunction, or pain by physical techniques, as exercise, massage, hydrotherapy, etc.

poor housing – poorness, poverty, misery

prescribe – v. enjoin, order, dictate

prosthesis – n. artificial limb, leg, prosthesis, prosthetic appliance

prosthetist – n. an expert in prosthetics (the branch of medicine or surgery that deals with the production and application of artificial body parts)

radiographer – n.a person who makes radiographs

range – n. diapason, line, area

refer – v. treat, send, head

rehabilitation – n.restore (someone) to health or normal life by training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness:

relieve– v. release, ease, reduce

replacement – n. substitution, exchange, displacement

scientific – adj.science, learned, erudite, sciential

solve– v. decide, determine, allow

spectacles – n. glasses, specs

splint – n.a rigid support for restricting movement of an injured part, especially a broken bone

suspect – v.suppose, think, consider

technician – n.a person skilled in the performance of the technical or procedural aspects of a health care profession

unemployment– n. frost

Unit 5

acutely ill – seriously ill patient

appointment – n.order, instruction, prescription

arrange – v.organize, settle, fix up

assessment – n.the action of diagnosing someone or something:

attend - v.visit, resort

day surgery unit – department for patients whose treatment requires only one day

demand - n.request, need

elective attachment – chosen study

femur – n.hip, thigh

fracture – n.break

hip replacement – orthopedic surgery involving femoral head prosthetic replacement

infirmary– n.hospital, clinic

inpatient – n. apatient who is admitted to a hospital or clinic for treatment that requires at least one overnight stay

intensive care unit (icu) – a department in which are concentrated special equipment and skilled personnel for the care of seriously ill patients requiring immediate and continuous attention; abbreviated ICU.

neck – n. cervix

outpatient – a patient who comes to the hospital, clinic, or dispensary for diagnosis and/or treatment but does not occupy a bed.

refer – v. guide, head, direct

referral letter – recommendation

require – v. need, demand

sign - n. signboard, fascia, shingle

sudden – adj. unexpected, surprise

surgical high dependency –also called step-down, progressive and intermediate care units. HDUs are wards for people who need more intensive observation, treatment and nursing care than is possible in a general ward but slightly less than that given in intensive care. 

temporarily – adv. for a while

Unit 6

asthma – n.a respiratory condition marked by attacks of spasm in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing

cardiovascular disease – diseases of heart and vessels

cervical collar – an encircling bandage around the neck

dentist – n.a person who is qualified to treat diseases and other conditions that affect the teeth and gums

diabetes – n.a disorder of the metabolism causing excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of urine.

employ – v.hire, engage, take

hands-on – involving active participation

housebound – adj.unable to leave one’s house, typically due to illness or old age

immunization – n.make immune to infection, typically by inoculation

initial – adj.primary

IT – information technology

locum – n.a person who stands in temporarily for someone else of the same profession, especially a cleric or doctor.

national health service - the system of national medical services since 1948, financed mainly by taxation.

one-to-one – used of relations such that each member of one set is associated with one member of a second set

out-of-hours – any period of work over and above hours of the normal working day

prepare – v.make ready, arrange, train

prescription – n.recommendation, recipe

Primary Care Trust – an organization legally established in the UK whose purpose is to develop health service for a particular community

receptionist – n.a person who greets and deals with clients and visitors to a surgery, office, etc.

request – n.requisition, application, proposal

supervise – v.watch, overlook, control

vaccination – n.treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease

wart – n.a small, hard, benign growth on the skin

Unit 7

cadaver – n.corpse, body

case – n.incident

clinical attachment – practical course in the one of the hospital’s department

clinical skills – practical knowledge

continuing professional development –maintain knowledge and skills related to professional lives.

describe – v.characterize, mark

dissection – n.incision, cutting, autopsy

elective – n.a placement undertaken as part of a medical degree

integrate – v.unite, consolidate

postgraduate training – training after graduation from Foundation programme to become a senior specialist

preparation – n.training, lead-up

Problem-based Learning – student-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject through the experience of problem solving

scientific – adj. learned, erudite

session – n.school, class, lesson

solve the problem – tackle the problem

source – n. origin, resource

spend – v.while away the time, put in

sports medicine – a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness, treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise

student selected modules –  individual units which a student studies in order to obtain credits

subject – n.discipline, class

tutor – n.mentor, coach, leader

undergraduate education – the education of a doctor which begins with medical school and continues to graduation with the awarding of a degree.

vocational studies – professional training

Unit 8

academic – n. teacher, scholar, scientist

assess – v. evaluate, measure,

Bachelor of Medical Sciences –  a graduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last for 2-4 years.

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery –  two first professional undergraduate degrees awarded upon graduation from medical school in medicine and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom

college tutor – n. the specialist representative of a Royal College in the workplace – e.g., the NHS Trusts of trainee and consultant doctors.

competence – n. skill, ability

contribute – v. facilitate, support

correspond – v. conform, match

discipline – n. subject, school

Doctor of Medicine – a terminal degree for physicians and surgeons. 

educational supervisor – a personwho has responsibility for facilitating and ensuring the progress of trainees

ensure – v. guarantee, insure, assure

Fellow – n.member of a learned society

figure – n. person, character

lead – v. guide, manage

lecturer – n. teacher, reader

observation – n. supervision, control

post – n. position. function, appointment

responsibility – n. charge, liability, obligation

trainee – n. improver, probationer

tutor – n. teacher, coach, leader

Unit 9

ability – n. skill, capability

accurate – adj. meticulous, correct

Certificate of Completion of Training - the certificate that physicians in the United Kingdom receive to indicate that they have completed training in their chosen specialty and are eligible to apply for a post as a consultant or a general practitioner (GP)

communication skills – theability to convey information to another effectively and efficiently

concern – v. treat, care, attend

eligible – adj. suitable, appropriate

European Economical Area – comprises three member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway) and 27 member states of the European Union (EU), excluding Croatia which is set to join once its accession agreement is ratified by all EEA countries.

Full registration – a type of GMC registration which allows doctors to practice independently and unsupervised in any post in the NHS or private practice for which they are duly qualified

Limited registration – a type of GMC registration which allows overseas qualified doctors who held an acceptable qualification to practice in supervised NHS training posts

manage – v. control, lead

Objective Structured Clinical Examination – modern type of examination often used in health sciences, designed to test clinical skill performance and competence in skills such as communication, clinical examination, medical procedures

obtain – v. receive, take

overseas – adj. foreign, continental

practical skills – the ability to perform medical procedures

precautions – n. methods or procedures intended to prevent or avoid adverse outcomes

Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board test – test in the assessment procedure that overseas doctors need to pass before they can legally practise medicine in the UK

Provisional registration – a type of GMC registration which allows doctors who qualified in the UK and EEA to work in pre-registration house officer posts

reasoned diagnosis – approved, correct

register – v. check in, include

sharps bin – a container in every clinic that is designed for the disposal of sharps

Specialist registration – a type of GMC registration which is required for a medically qualified doctor to take up a substantive or honorary consultant post in the NHS (UK)

Unit 10

acknowledgement – n. thank, gratefulness

aim – n. purpose, object

ascertainment – n. establishment, determination, explanation

background – n. preparation, precondition

claim – v. prove, assert

cohort – n.a group of people in a scientific study that focuses on a specific subpopulation, such as children born on a certain date in a specific environment.

conclusion – n.imprisonment, end, inference

confirm – v. support, maintain, claim

confounding factor – one which is distributed non-randomly with respect to the independent (exposure) or dependent (outcome) variable which is the subject of an enquiry

database – n. data bank, information base

discussion – n. argument, debate, deliberate

divide – v. share, partition

evaluate – v. assess, measure

evidence – n. proof, information, openness

explanation – n. interpretation, definition

hazard – n. danger, risk, chance

influence – n. impact, effect, action

intervention – n.  interference, interposition, interposal

limitation – n.restriction, restraint, bound, stint

linkage - n. connection, relation

offspring – n. child, scion, descendent

participant – n. member, partner

paternal – adj. fatherly, paternalistic

purpose – n. aim, destination, appointment

reference – n. link, ref

relate – v.tell, report, recite

remain – v. stay on, keep, continue

statement – n. exposition, presentment

suggest – v. propose, indicate, mean

summary – n. resume, brief, precise

supplementation – n. addition, complement, supplement

unsatisfactory – n.insufficient, dissatisfactory, lame

Unit 11

abstract – n. report, lecture

adjustment – n.regulation, agreement, setting

amend – v. correct, fix, refine

atopy – n. a genetic predisposition toward the development of immediate hypersensitivity reactions against common environmental antigens (atopic allergy), most commonly manifested as allergic rhinitis but also as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, or food allergy.

compare – v. match, collate, balance

confidence interval – in statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is a type of interval estimate of a population parameter and is used to indicate the reliability of an estimate. It is an observed interval (i.e. it is calculated from the observations), in principle different from sample to sample, that frequently includes the parameter of interest if the experiment is repeated.

contributor – n. member, partner

cumulative incidence – or incidence proportion is a measure of frequency, as in epidemiology, where it is a measure of disease frequency during a period of time. Where the period of time considered is an entire lifetime, the incidence proportion is called lifetime risk.

hay fever – a seasonal form of allergic rhinitis, with acute conjunctivitis, lacrimation, itching, swelling of the nasal mucosa, nasal catarrh, and attacks of sneezing, an anaphylactic or allergic reaction excited by a specific allergen (such as pollen).

longitudinal study - a study of the natural course of life or disorder in which a cohort of subjects is serially observed over a period of time and no assumptions need be made about the stability of the system.

mortality – n. death rate.

outcome – n. result, effect, output

permission – n. resolution,license, pass

petroleum – n. oil

precise – adj. accurate, definite, clear

prospective – adj.supposed, future, expected

ratio – n. relation, correlation, coefficient

recurrence – n. repeat, return, recidivism

retire – v. leave, quit, step down

retirement – n. resignation, dismission

survival – n. life

wheezy – n. husky, breathy, asthma

Unit 12

aid - n. assistance, support (visual aids – slides, pictures etc.)

appropriate – adj. suitable, correct, right

audience – n. public, auditory

availability – n. presence, usefulness

avoid – v.evade, steer clear of

bind – v. associate, connect, bound

compare – v. match, collate, touch

comprehensible – adj.clear, understandable, intelligible

conference – n. congress, convention, session

emphasis – n. accent, stress

emphasize – v.accent, accentate, stress

endotracheal tube – a catheter that is inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to maintain an open air passage or to deliver oxygen or to permit the suctioning of mucus or to prevent aspiration of the stomach contents

engage – v. do, work, practise

essential – adj. necessary, main, important

exemplify – v. to be an example, illustrate

exhaust – adj. waste

feedback – n. responsiveness

gesture – n.  sign, motion, movement

haemoglobin – n. the iron-containing protein with the property of binding oxygen, contained in red blood cells. 

outline – v. delineate, define

pitch – n.height, altitude, level

prefer – v. choose, affect

presentation – n. performance, presenting, lecture

self-confidence – n.confidence, overconfidence, assurance,

shared – adj. collective, communal

solution – n. decision, answer

substantial – adj. important, essential, significant

tight-fitting face mask – the simplest way of delivering a high level of oxygen to patients with ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome) or other low-oxygen conditions.

tip – n. advice, council, recommendation

tool – n.instrument, implement,

topic – n. theme, matter, heading

topical – adj. thematic, actual

value – n. meaning, importance

Unit 13

occupation – n.profession, career, business

breathlessness – n. shortness of breath, a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing, usually associated with disease of the heart or lungs; occurs normally during intense physical exertion or at high altitude.

duration – n.  lasting,  continuance, endurance

obese – adj. fat, plum

restore – v. recover

dyspnoea – n. breathing difficulty

accountant – n. bookkeeper, booker

crepitation – n. a dry, crackling sound.

consolidation – n.  the process of becoming a firm solid mass, as in an infected lung when the alveoli are filled with exudate.

bronchoscopy – n. the visual examination of the tracheobronchial tree

biopsy – n.  the removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of a disease.

adenocarcinoma – n. a malignant tumor originating in the epithelial cells of glandular tissue and forming glandular structures.

chemotherapy – n. treatment of cancer using specific chemical agents or drugs that are selectively destructive to malignant cells and tissues.

temporary – adj. provisional, transitory

improvement – n. development, betterment

accelerate – v. speed up, quicken

tenderness – n. sensitivity

sputum – n. substance that is brought up from the lungs and airway when a person coughs or spits. 

haemoptysis – n. the coughing up of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or airway. 

mention – v. refer, note

apyrexial – adj. afebrile, apyretic, feverless

oedema – n. (edema) a condition of abnormally large fluid volume in the circulatory system or in tissues between the body's cells

lymphadenopathy – n. abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually associated with disease.

severe – adj. hard, heavy, serious

vomiting – n. forcible ejection of contents of stomach through the mouth

irradiate – v. spread, disseminate, extend,

bowel – n. intestines, guts

meal - n. food, eating, meat

stool – n. evacuated fecal matter.

urinate – v. micturate, pee, wee

rigid – adj. hard, strong, inflexible

acute appendicitis - acute inflammation of the

appendix