Additional grammar and vocabulary exercises:

1. Put the adverbs and adverbial phrases of frequency according to the frequency scale in the box. Make up sentences of your own.

never

rarely

sometimes

usually

always

Once in a blue moon; as a rule; every so often; rarely, if ever; every now and again; from time to time; hardly ever; occasionally; once in a while; nine times out of ten; seldom; generally.

2. Complete sentences with Participle Construction using the information in brackets.

1. The diagnosis (it was made by Doctor P.) proved to be wrong.

2. The overseas professor (he was invited to give a course of lectures at our university)

3. The surgeon (he is doing this operation) graduated from the medical university in 2011.

4. Patients (they have infectious diseases) are admitted to the hospital.

5. Patients(they have chronic diseases of the lungs) are admitted to inpatients department.

6. The findings of laboratory analyses (they were shown to the consultant yesterday) proved that the operation was required.

3. Learn the following phrases which are always followed by Gerund. Look at the examples, and makeup sentences of your own.

1. Yesterday, Doctor Kim decided to operate that patient. Do you think it’s worth risking?

2. I couldn’t help shouting when I saw the patient smoking.

3. It is no use washing the white gown. It has been spoilt by blood drops.

4. He doesn’tmind performing operations at night.

4. Use the required Pasttense instead of infinitives in brackets.

1. We were sitting in the waiting room, we ( to come) two hours ago. 2. I ( to explain) to the doctor that you (to be) in bed for several days with a high fever. 3. Hardly I ( to enter) the hospital, I ( to feel) dizziness and nausea. 4. Before meeting a doctor I ( to come up) to the receptionist whom I ( to call) two days before in case of any changes in the time-tableof the doctor. 5. The physician ( to look up) from the card he ( to study). 6. “(to be) there any new admissions during the night shift?”, asked me the head of the department. 7. How long ( to operate) yesterday?

5. Continue making up sentences of your own looking at the models. Do as many as possible, pronounce them to your partner.

Conditional sentence I

If I

fall ill

I shall

go to the doctor

Conditional sentence II

I wish I were If I were

a scientsit

I should

invent a time machine

Conditional sentence III

I wish I had If I had

joined you in fishing

I should have

caught a lot of fish

UNIT 10

Research articles

Research article structure

Research articles are typically divided into four main sections. They are Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion (IMRaD) structure of articles.

There is background information in the introduction, it informs the reader what has been already known about the subject. It contains the information about previous researches, and explains what has not been explored before. At the end, there is usually a statement of the objective or purpose of the research.

In the clinical research case, the Methods section has details of the people who have been studied (the participants in the research). The method section also consists of information about any intervention performed, for example drugs, advice, operations. It gives details of the stages being taken in the study, how the participants have been chosen, and includes the main things measured, such as blood levels. At the end, there is information about statistical analysis.

The Results section tells what have been found, the findings of the study.

The explanations are usually given in the Discussion section and claims for the importance of the study. It may also say about limitations, or parts of the study which were unsatisfactory, and suggest what research is necessary to be done in the future. There is usually a Conclusion, which can be a separate topic section for discussion.

At the end of most articles, there is a short section called Acknowledgements. In this the authors thank people who have helped them in their research. Finally, there is a list of References - the books and articles which the authors have used during the research.

Goals

This describes what will happen through a research. Typically it describes things being started with, - Who, what, why, whom, when, where etc. - Research proposal may have several objectives, many researches break down the objectives into immediate or specific objectives.

Statements about objectives often have the following verbs: assess We assessed whether ...

determine The goal of our study was to determine whether ...

investigate We investigated the ...

evaluate This trials evaluated the ...

Main results

The Discussion section usually begins with a summary of the main findings. This is associated with the objective of the study. There are typical verbs which you can use:

show We have shown that ...

confirm Our study confirmed that ...

provide evidence These findings provide strong evidence that ...

If the results are less certain:

suggest These results suggest that ...

and with negative results:

fail to This study failed to show that...