Additional grammar and vocabulary exercises.

1. Match a and b columns. Learn word combinations.

clench	your throat
raise	your arms
clear	your eyebrows
fold	your fingers
snap	your fists
raise	your feet
tap	your legs
rub	your head
cross	your eyes
shake	your voice

2. Paraphrase the following sentences using Complex Subject.

1. It seemed that her operation passed successfully. 2. I think it is unlikely the doctor will make a wrong diagnosis. 3. It is believed that the surgeon is a professional specialist in his particular area. 4. They say that she is the best gynecologist in this hospital. 5. It appearedthat thepatient had not heard at all.

3. Paraphrase the followingsentences using Complex Object (complex infinitive or participial object).

1. I felt it: someone watched me from the distance. 2. I smelt it: something was cooked in the kitchen. 3. We saw it from the window: the woman was crying in the garden. 4. We saw it: the man was reading a book and laughing. 5. I heard it: the steps were approaching the ward. 6. We heard it: she was playing Beethoven’s music. 7. We watched itthrough the window: the cars stopped because of the traffic-jam.

4. Point out theComplex Object and Complex Subject in the following sentences. State their structure.

1. We have often heard our surgeon whisper something to himself during operations. 2. The parents seem to have known good news about surgery before they were informed officially.

3. The nurse didn’t noticethe patientapproach her from behind. 4. He was supposed to be a chair of the department. 5. You shouldn’t let the patient eat so much after the operation. 6. The operation was considered to be done by a famous professor. 7. The article was determined to be published at the medical journal.

5. Changesentences fromIndirect speech into Direct speech.

1. The surgeon asked if they had taken the man with a fracture to the reception ward.

2. I asked my mother if she had a headache. 3. The doctor wanted to know when I had fallen ill. 4. I wondered if the nurse had taken his temperature. 5. I asked him if the doctor hadadministered some medicine from influenza. 6. I asked my father if he was going to a health resort. 7. I asked the man how long he had been in Emergency and Accident department. 8. I asked the woman how long she had had a diabetes mellitus.2

UNIT 8

Medical education in the United Kingdom (Part 2)

The Foundation Programme

Medical educationcovers educational activities involved in the education and training of medical doctors in the United Kingdom from entry-level training through to continuing education of qualified specialists.

After completion of medical school, junior doctors then enter a vocational training phase. Newly qualified doctors enter a Foundation Programme.

The Foundation Programme is a two-year training programme which forms the bridge between university-level study at medical school, and specialist or general practice training. Junior doctors have a series of placements in different specialities. Each specialty last four months and must include training in General Medicine and General Surgery but can also have other fields such as Paediatrics, Anaesthetics or General Practice.

T he junior doctor is also called a trainee. A year one trainee (FY1) matches to pre-registration house officer (PRHO) and a year two trainee (FY2) to senior house officer (SHO) posts. Each trainee has an educational supervisor who ensures that more senior doctors deliver training in various ways, including clinical and educational supervision. In order to progress, trainees have to demonstrate a range of clinical competencies. These competencies are usually assessed through observation in their workplace.

Education titles in medicine

tutor	It is an academic, or in some cases a postgraduate student. They lead tutorials.
demonstrator	It is someone who demonstrates how to dissect in anatomy teaching Demonstrators are often postgraduate students who pay their way through medical school.
lecturer / senior lecturer	They are academics with teaching and research responsibilities. They contribute to the teaching of a particular discipline.
professor	It is a senior academic with teaching and research responsibilities for a particular discipline. Usually it is a leading figure in its discipline.
college tutor	It is a consultant who is responsible for delivering a college training programme.
clinical trainer	It is a consultant assigned to a trainee who provides training during periods of direct clinical care.
educational supervisor	It is a consultant who supervises a trainee's period of training.

Medical qualifications

Bachelor of Medical Sciences.	BMSc BMed Sci A degree is often taken after three years of medical studies by students who may wish to follow a career in medical research.
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery	МВСҺВ, MBBS ВМВСҺ, BMBS Bachelor degrees are undergraduate degrees. This is the first degree for UK doctors.
Doctor of Medicine	MD, DM Doctor of Medicine (MD or DM) is sometimes a professional doctorate (e.g. in the US and others) and sometimes a research doctorate (e.g. in the UK and some of the Commonwealth). The degree of Doctor of Medicine is considered by some as a higher doctorate.
Diploma of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.	D RCOG
Member of the Royal College of Physicians or Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.	MRCP MRCS Member of the Royal College of Physicians or Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. Doctors become Members if they complete the assessment procedures successfully in their college.
Fellow ofthe Royal College of Surgeons of England.	FRCS FRCS(Ed) FRCS(Glas) FRCSI Other colleges are indicated by the letters which follow, for example Edinburgh, Glasgow or Ireland. How doctors become a Fellow depends on their college. Doctors must pass further examinations for the FRCS. For other colleges it could be by nomination or work assessment.