- •1. The text is dedicated to Moscow State Teachers` Training University. Say what you have already known about it.
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms:
- •3. Find the sentences in the text in which the word combinations listed above are used.
- •1. What is the English for the following Russian words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text “Moscow State Teachers` Training University”. Use dictionary if necessary.
- •III. 1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Give synonyms from the text to the following words:
- •4. Which word in the list is odd?
- •6. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •7. Make up five types of questions on the text. Work in groups - ask your questions to your partner.
- •8. Render the text in English:
- •9. Translate the text into Russian in writing.
- •10. Make a report about higher educational establishments in other countries of the world.
- •11. Read the article “The Insight on Children with Disabilities”
- •1. The text is dedicated to formal and informal education. Remember what information you have already known about it.
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms:
- •3. Find the sentences in the text in which the word combinations listed above are used.
- •1. Find English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text.
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Give synonyms from the text to the following words:
- •4. Fill the blanks with the words from the text:
- •5. Which word in the list is odd?
- •6. Make up five types of questions on the text. Work in groups - ask your questions to your partner.
- •7. Render the text in English:
- •8. Translate the text into Russian in writing.
- •9. Read the article and state which type of education should be applied to the girl.
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms:
- •3. Mark the sentences in the text in which word combinations listed above are used.
- •4. Prove the definition to special education and add new information if there is any.
- •II. 1. Find English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text “Special Education” and translate it into Russian. Use dictionary if necessary.
- •III. 1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Give synonyms from the text to the following words:
- •4. Which word in the list is odd?
- •6. Fill the blanks with the active words:
- •7. Make one sentence with each word and word combination from the lists above.
- •8. Make up five types of questions on the text. Works in groups- ask your questions to your partner and VV.
- •9. Render the text in English:
- •10. Translate the text into Russian in writing.
- •11. Make a report about the systems of special education in other countries of the world.
- •12. Read the article about the International project inclusion week and speak out your point of view.
- •2. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Find English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations in the text:
- •2. Refer to your dictionary to analyze the following extract from the dictionary Roget's New Millennium™ Thesaurus, First Edition (V 1.3.1). Which of them could be used in your work?
- •3. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with active words and word combinations:
- •5. Continue the sentences:
- •6. Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:
- •7. Which word in the list is odd?
- •8. Here are the titles to the paragraphs of the text in the wrong order. Make that order correct.
- •9. Make up one sentence of yours using the words and word combinations of the pre-reading tasks lists.
- •10. Make up five types of questions on the text.
- •11. Render the same idea in English.
- •12. Make the written translation of the text. Pay special attention to the style features.
- •13. Read the article and comment on the legislative contradictions of the case.
- •1. The text you are going to read is dedicated to brain structure. Look at the picture and give Russian names to the parts of the brain. Brain
- •2. Pay attention to the words in the text:
- •1. Find English equivalents in the text to the following:
- •Read the text:
- •III.1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Give the right definition:
- •3. Say if these statements are true or false:
- •8. Render in English:
- •9. Translate the text into Russian in writing.
- •10.Make a report about a) Microscopic structure
- •I) Genetics
- •2. Pay attention to the following names used in the text:
- •IV.1.Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •II. 1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Read the text:
- •III. 1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •I. 1. The text you are going to read is about speech therapy. What do you think it is about?
- •2. Remember what you have already known about speech therapy and give the definition of it (in Russian or in English).
- •3. Pay attention to the following terms used in the text:
- •1. Read the sentences in the text where the words and words combinations listed above are used.
- •2. Find English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:
- •3. Read the text “Speech Therapy”.
- •III.1.Answer the questions on the text:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Find the synonymous words in the text:
- •4. Which word in the list is odd?
- •5. Make up one sentence of your own with the words and word combinations listed above.
- •6. Make up five types of questions on the text.
- •7. Fill in the blanks with active words and word combinations:
- •8. Make up the plan of the text. Here are the titles in the wrong order. Make the order correct:
- •9. Render the text in English:
- •10. Translate two paragraphs of the text in writing.
- •11. Read the text about the value of speech and say whether it is correct.
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms in the text:
- •II. 1. Find English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Read the text “Speech and Clefts”.
- •III. 1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false and give the full answer:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with the active words:
- •6. Which word in the list is odd?
- •11. Translate the text “Speech and Clefts” from English into Russian in writing. Pay attention to the examples – they should be in Russian.
- •2. Pay attention to the following words:
- •II.1. Find English equivalents to the following Russian words:
- •2. Read the text.
- •III.1.Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •2. Read the text:
- •III. 1. Answer the questions:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •5. Give synonyms from the text:
- •6. Which word in the list is odd?
- •11. Make the written translation of the text. Pay special attention to the examples – they should be in Russian.
- •12. Read the text and make a report about some other approaches onto stuttering. The history of stuttering
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms used in the text:
- •1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Read the text:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •12. Make a report about the ways of deviational development of speech of children at that age.
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms used in the text:
- •II.1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Read the text: The Development of Speech of the Child from 6 till 12 months.
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •12. Make a report about the ways of deviational development of speech of children at that age.
- •1. The text you are going to read is dedicated to the classification, causes and characteristics of mental retardation. What do you already know about it?
- •2. Pay attention to the terms in the text:
- •1. Find English for:
- •2. Read the text:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •Give synonyms from the text:
- •Make up the plan of the text. Here are the titles in the wrong order. Make the order correct:
- •7. Make up one sentence with each word from ex I (2, 3).
- •8. Make up five types of questions on the text.
- •9. Render the text in English:
- •10. Make the written translation of the text.
- •11. Make a report about Russian approaches onto mental retardation.
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms and words used in the text:
- •1. Find the following words in the text:
- •2. Read the text.
- •I.1. The text you are going to read is about the Intelligence Quotient (iq). What do you already know about it? If you were to deal with such topic, what would you speak about?
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms used in the text:
- •3. Pay attention to the following names used in the text:
- •II.1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Read the text: The Intelligence Quotient (iq)
- •III.1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •11. Make the written translation of the text.
- •1. The text you are going to read is dedicated to the classification of mentally retarded children on the Intelligence Quotient. What do you already know about it? Is it typical?
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms in the text:
- •1. Find English for the following:
- •2. Read the text:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •11. Make the written translation of the text.
- •I.1. The text you are going to read is about depression. What do you already know about it? If you were to deal with such topic, what would you speak about?
- •2. Pay attention to the following terms used in the text:
- •II.1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Read the text:
- •III.1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •5. Give synonyms from the text:
- •8. Make up one sentence with each word from ex I (2) and II (1).
- •9. Make up five types of questions on the text.
- •10. Render the text in English:
- •II .1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Read the text:
- •III.1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •II.1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:
- •2. Read the text: Cause of Hearing Loss
- •III.1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •3. Continue the sentences:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:
- •11. Make the written translation of the text.
- •14. Read the article “Guarding against hearing loss”. Make the summary of the general advice.
- •Warning signs
- •Taking precautions
- •1. You are going to read the text “Speech and language development of the deaf”. What do you know about this handicap? What teaching difficulties do such children present?
- •2. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations used in the text:
- •II.1 Find English equivalents in the text to the following:
- •2. Read the text. Speech and language development of the deaf
- •III.1.Answer the questions:
- •2.Make the plan of the text. Here are the titles in the wrong order. Make the order correct:
- •3. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •8. Render the text in English:
- •9. Translate the text into Russian in writing.
- •10. Read the article about Laurent Clerk and make a report about any other outstanding people in surdopedagogics.
- •1. You are going to read the text about hard of hearing children. Why do people lose hearing? What can help a hard of hearing child to study?
- •2. Pay attention at the following words and word combinations used in the text:
- •1. Find English equivalents in the text to the following:
- •2. Read the text: the hard of hearing
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •1. Find English equivalents in the text to the following:
- •2. Read the text:
- •1. Find English equivalents in the text to the following:
- •Read the text:
- •1.Answer the questions:
- •2. Make up the plan of the text.
- •3. Say if these statements are true or false:
- •9. Translate the text into Russian in writing.
- •10.Make a report about methods which help handicapped people to overcome isolation.
II.1. Find the following English equivalents in the text:
- на рабочем месте;
- то, что надо;
- искажение звуков;
- неразборчивые, не явные симптомы;
- измерение частоты звуков;
- первопричина;
- нарушения слуха;
- производство лакокрасочной продукции;
- использование слухового аппарата.
Use dictionary if necessary.
2. Read the text: Cause of Hearing Loss
Exposure to loud noise is the second most common cause of hearing loss. Approximately 30 million Americans are exposed to high intensity noise in their workplace, in one in 4 of these workers (or 7.5 million Americans) a permanent hearing loss will develop. Much can be done to prevent noise-induced hearing loss but little can be done to reverse it. Sometimes a single exposure to loud noise is all that is needed, a single hunting trip without ear plugs. Loud noise damages the hair cells in the inner ear and can cause hearing loss, ear ringing and distortion of sounds. The symptoms of noise induced hearing loss are subtle in the early stages. Hearing loss tends to occur first for high-pitched sounds only. Consequently, the volume of sound heard may be unchanged but the quality of it lessens. Speech may be heard but not completely understood. The presence of background noise can make speech hard to understand. Noise induced hearing loss has been reported to be accompanied by a ringing in the ears (tinnitus) in 23% of subjects. Tinnitus can often be more annoying than the hearing loss itself. Treatment of tinnitus is often unsatisfactory. There has been an association between acoustic trauma (noise induced hearing loss) and Meniere's disease which has been reported in a few research articles and text books. However, more recent literature has shown that acoustic trauma is not a causative factor.
Physical measurements of the sound can determine whether it exceeds dangerous levels, and most factories have access to the necessary equipment. Radio Shack also sells a sound level meter for under $40 which will measure noise levels using the "A" Scale. (This is what the designation dBA refers to -- decibels measured in the A Scale.) However, without noise-measuring equipment, the following basic rules can be followed:
#1. If it is necessary to shout to hear yourself over a noise, the level of the sound can be damaging.
#2. Should ringing in the ears occur after exposure to a loud sound, damage has been done and that sound should be avoided or ear protection used in the future.
#3. If diminished hearing or a sense of fullness in the ears is experienced after noise exposure, the level of that noise is damaging.
There are several federal guidelines for noise exposure.
The NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) for occupational noise exposure (85 decibels an 8-hour time-weighted average) was reevaluated using contemporary risk assessment techniques 4000-hertz (Hz) audiometric frequency in the definition of hearing impairment. The new risk assessment reaffirms support for the 85-dBA. With a 40-year lifetime exposure at the 85-dBA REL, the excess risk of developing occupational NIHL is 8%considerably lower than the 25% excess risk at the 90-dBA permissible exposure limit currently enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration.
Decibel Levels of Environmental Sounds
Source--Dangerous Level |
dBA SPL |
Produces Pain |
120-140 |
Jet Aircraft During Takeoff (at 20 meters) |
130 |
Snowmobile Tractor Without Cab |
120 |
Rock Concert |
110 |
Die Forging Hammer Gas Weed-Whacker Chain Saw Pneumatic Drill |
100-105 |
Home Lawn Mowers |
95 to 100 dB |
Semi-trailers (at 20 meters) |
90 |
Source-- |
dBA SPL |
Discomfort Level |
Above 80 |
Heavy Traffic |
80 |
Automobile (at 20 meters) |
70 |
Vacuum Cleaner |
65 |
Conversational Speech (at 1 meter) |
60 |
Quiet Business Office |
50 |
Residential Area at Night |
40 |
Whisper, Rustle of Leaves |
20 |
Rustle of Leaves |
10 |
Threshold of Audibility |
0 |
There are also many agents found in industry which can also damage hearing in addition to industrial noise exposure. The most common is tobacco.
Industrial Solvents: The combination of solvents and noise exposure exceeds the damage produced by either also. The effect of solvents is potentiated even more by exposure to ethanol. Organic Solvents found in Industry which are ototoxic include.
--Toluene: Found in paints, thinners, rubbers and in the printing industry.
--Stryene: Found in plastics, rubbers, resins, insulating materials. --Carbon Disulfide: Found in the textile industry and insecticides.
--Tricholoroethylene:
--Xylene: Found in paint and lacquer industry
Metals: -- Lead may also cause hearing loss
Asphyxiants: Carbon Monoxide
Since there is little that can be done to treat noise induced hearing loss, prevention by avoidance of loud noises is the best course. Compressible foam ear plugs (not water plugs) and ear muffs WHEN FITTED PROPERLY can decrease the noise exposure level by over 20 dB. EAR Classic plugs have a properly fitted noise reduction rating of 29 dB. When given to subjects to fit themselves the average attenuation was found to be 17 dB. Ear plugs and ear muffs are about equally effective. Muffs cost more but can be used in patients with ear canal disease. Muffs are also hot in warm weather.
For hunting, electronic plugs and muffs can be obtained which make surrounding noise louder so game can be heard, but when firing a gun they muffle the loud noise. Many people will not wear ear plugs in a noisy environment because they think it will make it more difficult to hear others talking. Actually the reverse is true. Ear plugs reduce noise most efficiently in the low frequencies, below the speech range. This will increase the signal to noise ratio of the speech and makes it more easily heard. New research indicates that several types of drugs when taken before or immediately after noise exposure may mitigate the damage to the inner ear. These drugs fall into three categories:
Anti-oxidants: These drugs may be protective based on the theory that one of the mechanisms in noise inducted hearing loss is the generation of free oxygen radicals. Vitamin E given at 10mg/kg/day to 40mg/kg/day in the guinea pig was protective. ; Acetyl-L carnitine a mitrochondrial stabilizer for damage induced by free oxygen radicals, and N-L-acetylcysteine an antioxidant, has been shown to mitigate noise induced hearing loss in the chinchilla. Glutathione is an antioxadant which has been shown to reduce the damage of noise exposure. Researchers have also found that noise induced hearing loss is characterized by a glutathione deficiency state and increase glutathione levels may be protective. Glutathione monoethylester and in combination with R-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine has also been studied in the chinchilla and has been found to be protective.
Glutamate Receptor Antagonist: These drugs may be protective based on the theory that one of the mechanisms in noise induced hearing loss is the generation of Glutamate which binds to post-synaptic glutamate receptors which leads to degeneration of the neurons. Investigated drugs include: caroverine; carbamathione
Neurotrophins: There is also evidence that neurotrophins (neurotrophin-3) may also be protective.
Remember the most common outcome to noise exposure is a permanent hearing loss. When this occurs the only effective treatment is the use of hearing aids. This is why prevention by avoiding loud noises and wearing ear protectors is so important.