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III. 1. Answer the questions:

a) What is stuttering?

b) What is another name of that speech disorder?

c) What is the impact of stuttering?

d) Do boys stutter more than girls?

e) Do adults stutter?

f) What are the peculiarities of grown-ups` stuttering?

g) Is there a cure for stuttering?

h) What is speech therapy for stuttering?

i) What are the chances for recovery in the cases of stuttering?

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

a) Stuttering is verbal non- fluency.

b) Stuttering is generally not a problem with putting thoughts into words.

c) People who stutter are 'normal' in the clinical sense of the term.

d) There is no cure for the disorder at present.

e) The exact etiology of stuttering is unknown.

g) Embarrassment, shame, frustration, fear, anger, and guilt may produce stuttering blocks.

h) Stuttering is more common in children.

i) Stuttering has a genetic basis.

j) The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering but to modify it so that stuttering is easier and less effortful.

3. Continue the sentences:

a) Stuttering is…

b) It maybe…

c) The reasons for stuttering are…

d)The severity of stuttering…

e) The speech therapy…

f) Boys stutter…

g) Adults stutter…

h) The general goal of speech therapy…

4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text:

… also known as stammering in the United Kingdom, is a…in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or … in which the stutterer is unable to produce sounds. '…… ' is the accepted term for such speech disorders. The term is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also … the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by stutterers as…, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels and semi-vowels. The term …, as popularly used, covers a wide spectrum of severity: it may … individuals with barely perceptible …, for whom the disorder is largely cosmetic, as well as others with extremely severe symptoms, for whom the problem can effectively prevent most oral communication. The… of on a person's functioning and emotional state can be severe. Much of this goes unnoticed by the listener, and may include … of having to enunciate specific vowels or consonants, … of being caught … in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, or a feeling of "loss of control" during speech. … is generally not a problem with the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Despite popular perceptions to the contrary,…does not affect and has no bearing on intelligence. Apart from their speech …, people who … may well be 'normal' in the clinical sense of the term. Anxiety, low self-esteem, nervousness, and stress therefore do not cause …, although they are very often the result of living with a highly stigmatized disability and, in turn, exacerbate the problem. The… is also variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone, the … might be more severe or less, depending on the anxiety level connected with that activity. Although the exact etiology of … is unknown, both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute. Although there are many … and speech therapy techniques available that may help increase fluency in some …, there is essentially no "cure" for the disorder at present.

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