STANDARDIZATION

AND METROLOGY

Сборник текстов и упражнений

для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы

студентов направления подготовки 221700.62

очной и заочной форм обучения

Йошкар-Ола

2013

STANDARDIZATION

AND METROLOGY

Сборник текстов и упражнений

для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы

студентов направления подготовки 221700.62

очной и заочной форм обучения

Йошкар-Ола

2013

УДК 811.111:378.09:006

ББК 26.23ця7

S 81

Рецензент: канд. пед. наук, доцент кафедры

Иностранных языков ПГТУ Чередниченко О. И.

Печатается по решению

редакционно-издательского совета ПГТУ

S 81 Standardization and Metrology: сборник текстов и упражнений для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов направления подготовки 221700.62 очной и заочной форм обучения / сост. М. М. Романова, Л. А. Свидерская. – Йошкар-Ола: Поволжский государственный технологический университет, 2013. – 104 с.

Цель сборника – научить студентов понимать и извлекать информацию из текстов по специальности и помочь в усвоении профессионально-ориентированной лексики.

Для студентов направления подготовки 221700.62.

УДК 811.111:378.09:006

ББК 26.23ця7

© Поволжский государственный

технологический университет, 2013ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

I. Материалы для аудиторной работы………………............4

Unit I. Quality management evolution…………………...........4

Unit II. Quality management principles………………...........11

Unit III. Quality policy……….......…………………….........17

Unit IV. The Deming approach...............................................24

Unit V. American and Japanese quality...................................31

Unit VI. Put the customer first…………………………….....38

Unit VII. Standardization ……………………………............45

Unit VIII. What is metrology?…………………………….....50

II. Материалы для самостоятельной работы………...........58

III. Приложения. Приложение I.

Контрольная работа № 1……………...................................73

Вариант 1………………………………………………........73

Вариант 2………………………………………………........81

Приложение II. Test yourself………………………….........89

Приложение III. Basic and general terms in

standardization and metrology…………………………….....96

Приложение IV. Ключи к тесту……………………..........102

Bibliography……………………………………………......103

I. Материалы для аудиторной работы

UNIT I

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

evolution, civilization, phenomenon, standard, limitation, individually, industrial, identical, initiative, formulate, rating, realize, client, management

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

Quality management evolution

Quality management is not a recent phenomenon. Advanced civilizations that supported the arts and crafts allowed clients to choose goods meeting higher quality standards than normal goods. The master craftsman set standards, reviewed the work of others and ordered rework and revision as necessary. One of the limitations of the craft approach was that relatively few goods could be produced, on the other hand an advantage was that each item produced could be individually shaped to suit the client. This craft based approach to quality and the practices used were major inputs when quality management was created as a management science.

During the industrial revolution, the importance of craftsmen was diminished as mass production and repetitive work practices were instituted. The aim was to produce large numbers of the same goods. The first proponent in the US for this approach was Eli Whitney who proposed (interchangeable) parts manufacture for muskets, hence producing the identical components and creating a musket assembly line. The next step forward was promoted by several people including Frederick Winslow Taylor a mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is sometimes called “the father of scientific management”. Henry Ford also was important in bringing process and quality management practices into operation in his assembly lines. In Germany, Karl Friedrich Benz, often called the inventor of the motor car, was pursuing similar assembly and production practices, although real mass production was properly initiated in Volkswagen after World War II. From this period onwards, North American companies focused predominantly upon production against lower cost with increased efficiency.

Walter A. Shewhart made a major step in the evolution towards quality management by creating a method for quality control for production, using statistical methods, first proposed in 1924. This became the foundation for his ongoing work on statistical quality control. W. Edwards Deming later applied statistical process control methods in the United States during World War II, thereby successfully improving quality in the manufacture of munitions and other strategically important products.

Quality leadership from a national perspective has changed over the past five to six decades. After the Second World War, Japan decided to make quality improvement a national imperative as part of rebuilding their economy, and sought the help of Shewhart, Deming and Juran, amongst others. W. Edwards Deming championed Shewhart’s ideas in Japan from 1950 onwards. He is probably best known for his management philosophy establishing quality, productivity, and competitive position. He has formulated 14 points of attention for managers, which are a high level abstraction of many of his deep insights.

Customers recognize that quality is an important attribute in products and services. Suppliers recognize that quality can be an important differentiator between their own offerings and those of competitors (quality differentiation is also called the quality gap). In the past two decades this quality gap has been greatly reduced between competitive products and services. Many countries have raised their own standards of quality in order to meet International standards and customer demands. The ISO 9000 series of standards are probably the best known International standards for quality management.

Запомните необходимый лексический минимум

quality	качество
advanced	передовой, продвинутый
attribute	характерный признак (черта)
input	вклад, ввод
craft	ремесло
advantage	преимущество, предпочтение
goods	товары
item	предмет, изделие
pursue	следовать неотступно за
promote	продвигать, содействовать
approach	метод, подход

Задание I

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

create	ответственность
diminish	создавать, произвести
seek (sought)	наука
proponent	уменьшать, ослаблять
musket	пытаться, стараться
responsibility	мушкет
science	защитник, сторонник, поборник
munitions	настоятельный, срочный; обязательный
imperative	военное имущество; снаряжение

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

assembly line	глубокое понимание
fall behind	обращать особое внимание
focus predominantly	значительный шаг
deep insights	требования покупателя (заказчика)
quality gap	разрыв в качестве
set standard	шаг вперед
customer demands	устанавливать стандарт
major step	отставать
step forward	сборочный конвейер

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

a) customer needs b) quality control c) goods

d) quality management e) assembly lines

f) management principles g) contribution

1. ____ is a very important part of overall business success.

2. There are a number of ____ associated with quality management.

3. The origin of quality management can be traced back as far as the early nineteen twenties during the development of production ____ ideas in Japan.

4. Quality control is a method used by producers to regulate the quality of ____ and/or services offered to customers.

5. To Henry Ford, it was most important to bring process management practices into operations in the ____ he pioneered in his motor vehicle factories.

6. Since the organizations depend on their customers, therefore they should understand current and future ____.

7. Deming made a significant ____ to Japan’s later reputation for innovative high-quality products and its economic power.

Задание II

А. Заполните пропуски в предложениях соответствующим предлогом

1. Henry Ford was born ____the 30th ____ July 1863.

2. He made his first car, the Quadricycle, ____ June 1896.

3. ____ 1903, he founded the Ford Motor Company.

4. Modern mass production ____ cars was developed____ him ____ 1913.

5. Ford’s Model T could then be assembled ____ just 93 minutes.

6. ____ 1927, 15 million Model T cars had been manufactured ____ the Ford Motor Company.

7. Henry Ford became one ____ the richest and best-known people____ the world.

B. Употребите глаголы be или have в соответствующей форме в данных ниже предложениях

1. TQM (Total Quality Management) ___ a management strategy aimed at embedding awareness of quality in all organizational processes.

2. ISO ___ a number of standards that support quality management.

3. The standards ___ been regularly reviewed every few years by the International Organization for Standardization.

4. Quality of Service ____ affected by various factors, which can be divided into “human” and “technical” factors.

5. Quality Assurance ____ developed a good deal recently.

6. Shipments of hazardous materials or dangerous goods ____ special information and symbols.

7. With transport packages, standardized symbols ____ also used to communicate handling needs.

C. Найдите в тексте местоимения и укажите их разряд

Задание III

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What are advantages and disadvantages of the craft approach?

2. Why was the importance of craftsmen diminished during the industrial revolution?

3. Who made a contribution to developing “the assembly line” concept?

4. Who offered fourteen key principles of management for transforming business effectiveness?

5. Why did some developing countries have to raise their standards of quality in producing goods and services?

B. Расположите пункты плана в логической последовательности на основании содержания текста

1. Introduction of mass production via assembly lines.

2. Development of statistical quality control in the manufacture of products.

3. Advantages and disadvantages of the craft approach.

4. Development of International Standards in the world economy.

5. Contribution of the American management consultants into rebuilding of Japan’s economy.

C. Какой вклад в развитие управления качеством внесли упомянутые в статье известные в своей области инженеры и ученые? Заполните таблицу

Scientist (engineer)

a contribution to quality management

Задание IV

Выполните письменный перевод абзаца текста, начинающегося предложением

During the industrial revolution, the importance of craftsmen…