- •Part I An Introduction to Ecology and the Environment
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Read the following sentences and translate them.
- •II. Read and translate the following text. Ecology: The Understanding of a Delicate Balance
- •III. Answer the following questions about the reading.
- •IV. Give the definitions of the following terms. You may consult a dictionary.
- •VI. Look at the following list, identify which groups of items are included in the four areas of scientific study.
- •VII. Complete each sentence in the following paragraph with the appropriate word or phrase.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text. The Ecosystem
- •VII. Read and translate the text. The Tundra Ecosystem
- •Part II The Structure of an Ecosystem
- •Vocabulary:
- •The food web
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Read and translate the given text:
- •IV. Answer the following questions about the reading.
- •V. Make up a short summary of this text using the questions given below:
- •VI. Describe the ecosystem you can see on the picture “An Ecosystem”.
- •An Ecosystem
- •VII. Read and translate the given text: a Brief Look at Chemistry
- •VIII. Answer the questions about the reading.
- •Match each chemical element to its correct chemical symbol.
- •Energy and Matter
- •Read sentences 1 to 10. Fill in the blank with either the word energy or matter.
- •XV. Here is a list of some physical factors that determine what plants and animals can live in certain ecosystems. Can you rearrange the letters to solve the puzzle?
- •Physical Factors
- •Logical Connectors
- •XVII. Complete the following passage with appropriate logical connectors.
- •Combine the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using a coordinating conjunction or a conjunctive adverb. Pay attention to your punctuation!
- •XIX. Experiment on Limiting Factors
- •Using your data from Activity b, fill in the graph below to show how the amount of precipitation relates to the percentage of eggs hatched.
- •The Food Chain and Energy
- •XXII. Read and translate the text.
- •XXIV. Read the following paragraphs on the nitrogen cycle. Some of the sentences have numbers after them. Write that number in the corresponding box in the picture below.
- •XXV. Now read the following passage about the carbon and oxygen cycle.
- •XXVI. Retell the text using this picture.
- •XXVII. Final test
- •A Chronic but Mostly Hidden Problem
XV. Here is a list of some physical factors that determine what plants and animals can live in certain ecosystems. Can you rearrange the letters to solve the puzzle?
1. aeeemprrttu, 2. ilos, 3. iwdn, 4. npatpeoriiict, 5. ghilt, 6. aceilmt, 7. itseturnn, 8. ymutihdi
Physical Factors
XVI. Look at the following pictures. Can the koala bear in the left picture live in the same place as the polar bear? Why or why not? What physical factors are different in each of their ecosystems?
Logical Connectors
Logical connectors show a relationship between two sentences or clauses. There are two kinds of logical connectors: coordinating conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs.
Coordinating Conjunctions: Independent clauses can be combined using one of the seven coordinating conjunctions in English (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so):
A limiting factor for a polar bear is temperature, so they live in cold places.
Conjunctive Adverbs: Independent clauses can also be combined with a conjunctive adverb. Note the different methods of punctuation.
A limiting factor for a polar bear is temperature. Therefore, they live in cold places. A limiting factor for a polar bear is temperature; therefore, they live in cold places.
This list shows some common conjunctive adverbs.
Accordingly – соответственно; так; таким образом; следовательно;
for example – например;
in other words – другими словами;
on the other hand – с другой стороны;
after all – всё же; в конце концов; в конечном счёте; ведь; тем не менее; всё же;
for instance - например;
instead – вместо, взамен;
otherwise - или же, в противном случае, иначе; в других обстоятельствах;
also – тоже, также, к тому же;
further - затем; сверх того, более того;
likewise – подобно, так же; также; более того;
similarly – аналогично; подобно; подобным образом; равно; сходно;
anyway – как бы то ни было, во всяком случае; в любом случае;
furthermore – к тому же, кроме того; более того;
meanwhile - тем временем, между тем, пока;
still – всё ещё;
as a result – в результате (чего-л.)
hence – следовательно;
moreover – более того;
subsequently – в последствии; затем, потом;
besides – кроме того; кроме; за исключением; исключая;
however – однако, тем не менее, не смотря на (э)то;
nevertheless - всё же, всё-таки, тем не менее; однако, несмотря на;
then - затем; позже, после, потом; далее; в таком случае, тогда; кроме того, к тому же;
certainly - конечно, естественно, непременно, несомненно, безусловно;
in addition - 1) вдобавок; дополнительно; сверх того 2) кроме того; помимо всего прочего
next - 1) затем, после, потом; 2) в следующий раз; 3) ещё;
thereafter - 1) после этого; впоследствии; 2) соответственно
consequently - следовательно; поэтому; в результате, вследствие;
indeed - 1) в самом деле, действительно; конечно, несомненно; 2) даже, более того
of course - конечно, непременно; несомненно
therefore – 1) за это; в обмен на это; 2) по этой причине; вследствие этого; поэтому, следовательно;
even so - даже при этих условиях;
in fact - фактически, на самом деле, в действительности; по сути, в сущности; на поверку;
thus - до такой степени; итак; так; таким образом;
