Vocabulary

to sign a licensing agreement – подписать лицензированное соглашение, договор

licenser – лицензиар

royalty – лицензионный платеж

patent – патент

trademark – торговая марка

counterfeiter – фирма, незаконно использующая чужую торговую марку

licensee – лицензиат

merchant – купец, торговец; лицо, занимающееся оптовыми продажами

wholesaler – оптовик, оптовый торговец

retailer – розничный торговец, лавочник

to set up a branch abroad – учредить филиал за границей

VI. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Небольшая компания не может выйти на иностранный рынок. 2. Мы можем подписать соглашение о предоставлении лицензии. 3. Лицензия дает нам право производить этот продукт. 4. Лицензиат платит лицензиару вознаграждение. 5. Вознаграждение составляет 15 % от дохода, получаемого от продажи товара. 6. Мы вынуждены защищать нашу торговую марку от подделки. 7. Наша сделка была успешной. Обе компании получили прибыль от этой сделки. 8. Мы не можем контролировать качество этого товара. 9. Наш патент гарантирует качество продукта. 10. Кто разрабатывает торговые стратегии в вашей компании? 11. Экспортер должен изучать иностранный рынок. 12. Фирмы могут продавать свои продукты торговому агенту. 13. Посредник в импортно-экспортных операциях принимает на себя связанный с ними риск. 14. Наша компания продает свой продукт оптовику. Оптовик продает товары розничным торговцам. 15. В прошлом году мы открыли новый офис в Лондоне. 16. В прошлом году мы подписали контракт с Аи Би Эм. 17. Вы уже продали оборудование в Америку? Да, мы уже продали оборудование. 18. Мы недавно приобрели лицензию от Аи Би Эм. Теперь мы можем производить компьютеры. 19. Мы решили увеличить объем наших сделок. 20. Обе компании получают прибыль от этой сделки. 21. Мы не имеем собственной торговой марки. 22. Наша компания получит ноу-хау, а ваша компания –лицензионный платеж. 23. Лицензиар не может контролировать качество товара. 24. 10% дохода нашей компании идет лицензиару. 25. Экспортер может учредить торговые отделы за границей. Он обязан изучить рынок.

Unit 7 Forms of business ownership

Business is a commercial enterprise performing all those functions that govern the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller. Since the beginning of the era of economic progress old ways of running business have been modified, and new forms of business organization have been introduced. This has enabled various branches of industry to adapt to changing conditions and to function more easily, efficiently and profitably, sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation being the main three forms of business ownership. New firms planners do some serious thinking about what legal form to choose for their new activities. All three choices should be carefully thought over.

Sole proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is the most common in many west­ern countries. For example, more than 80% of all businesses in the United States are sole proprietorships. But it is evident that sole proprietorships don’t do the greatest volume of business. They account for only 16% of all business receipts, for exam­ple, in the USA. What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? First of all, service industries as laundromats, beauty shops, different repair shops, restaurants.

A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person, in which all the profits and all the debts belong to the owner, the latter being fully responsible for the success and the failure of the business. Unless an activity is specifically prohibited by law, no field of business is closed to an owner. One of the advantages of a sole proprietorship is that an owner can make decisions quickly and decisively without having to consult others. And an individual proprietor, by law, pays fewer taxes and at lower rate than does a corporation.

There are disadvantages to this form of business organization, however. In the first place, the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as can be obtained by a partnership or a corporation. If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they run great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their businesses. It is due to unlimited liability that all the personal assets of the owner, including his home and car, can be sold to settle the debts of the business. Unless the owner has much personal wealth, the business may have difficulty borrowing money in critical times. A sole proprietorship may also have difficulty employing and keeping good employees, because the business will dissolve when the owner retires or dies. The assets can be inherited by a person who may even become the operator, but legally the business dies with its owner. Also, since it is dependent upon the amount of money the owner has saved or can borrow, usually it doesn’t develop into a large-scale enterprise.

In spite of its limitations, the sole proprietorship is well adopted to many kinds of small businesses and suits the temperament of many persons who like to exercise initiative and be their own bosses.