Forests. Forest management. Deforestation

1)

- hydrologic cycle the water cycle, which includes evaporation, precipitation, and flow to the seas;

• cellular respiration a process in which the energy of organic molecules is released within cells;

• transpiration the loss of water vapour from the aerial surface of plants;

• conifers any of a group of woody trees or shrubs that bear needle-like leaves and seeds in cones;

• selective cutting a forest management technique in which mature trees are cut individually or in small clusters while the rest of the forest remains intact so that the forest can regenerate quickly (and naturally);

• detritus organic matter that includes dead organisms (such as animal carcasses and leaf litter) and wastes (such as feces);

• biogeochemical cycles - process by which matter cycles from the living world to the nonliving physical environment and back again;

• habitat corridors a protected zone that connects unlogged or undeveloped areas;

• seed tree cutting a forest management technique in which all mature trees in an area are harvested from an area in a single cutting, but a few desirable trees are left behind to provide seeds for the regeneration of the forest;

• forest management a traditional form of subsistence agriculture in which short periods of cultivation are followed by longer periods of fallow (land left uncultivated), during which times the natural ecosystems may become reestablished;

• clear-cutting a forest management technique that involves the removal of all trees from an area at a single time;

• an organism (such as an earthworm or crab) that consumes fragments of dead organisms;

• soil erosion the wearing away or removal of soil from the land; caused by wind and flowing water;

• deforestation the temporary or permanent clearance of large expances of forests for agriculture or other uses;

• ecologically sustainable forest management forest management that seeks not only to conserve forests for the commercial harvest of timber and non-timber forest products, but also to sustain biological diversity, prevent soil erosion, protect the soil;

• epiphytic a small organism that grows on another organism but is not parasitic on it (e.g. small plants that live attached to the bark of a tree’s branches;

• a type of shifting cultivation in tropical forests in which a patch of vegetation is burned, leaving nutrient minerals in the ash;

• biomes a large, relatively distinct terrestrial region characterized by a similar climate, soil, plants, and, regardless of where it occurs on Earth;

• shelterwood cutting a forest management technique in which all mature trees in an area are harvested in a series of partial cutting over time.

2)

canopy trees- дерево з густою кроною

mitigate global climate change- пом’якшити глобальні зміни клімату

watersheds- водосховища

droughts- засухи

lichens- лишайники

conifers- хвойні

indigenous people- корінні жителі

adheres to- належати до

inbred populations- місцеве населення

Harvesting Trees- валка лісу

germinate- проростати

fill the void- заповнювати прогалини

a net annual loss- частковий річний збиток

tracts of the rain forest- ділянки тропічних лісів

savanna- саванна

grazing land- угіддя для пасовищ

subsistence agriculture- натуральне сільське господарство

commercial logging- комерційні лісозаготівлі

cattle ranching- розведення великої рогатої худоби

inundates- затоплювати

precipitation- опади

weathered- під атмосферним впливом

mineral-poor soil- мінерально бідний грунт

mycorrhizae- мікоризи

unexcelled- неперевершений

mat- рогожа

buttresses- опора

canopy of leaves- листяний шатер

bromeliads- бромелія

crotches- прогалина

sunbirds- нектарники

sloths- лінивці

spell the end of tropical rain forests- означає кінець існування тропічних лісів

spiritual sustenance- духовна їжа

3)