IV. Write a brief summary of the text.

V. There are the following means of data presentation:

Referring to a table or figure

In an article, you can write: Figure 1, Table 1, shows X.

X is shown in, Figure 1. Table 1.

In a presentation, you can use the same expressions, or you can say: As you can see in Table 1 …

Comparing variables

When you refer to a table you will often need to compare one variable with another:

X was twice, three times as effective common as Y.

Or you may need to compare the same variable at different times:

The number of X in 2000 was double triple / three times that in 1990.

There was a twofold threefold increase in the number of X between 1990 and 2000.

The number of X increased twofold threefold between 1990 and 2000/

The number of X doubled trebled between 1990 and 2000.

Approximating

When referring to the data presented on slides, numbers are often rounded, for example 41.3 becomes 41 or even 40. When this is done, it is common to use expressions of approximation:

Side-effects were reported by about, around, approximately, roughly, some forty patients.

Numbers are frequently presented as fractions or percentages, even when the exact number is given.

Roughly two-thirds of patients reported side-effects.

Fifty-five, or some two-thirds, of patients reported side-effects.

When you want to emphasize a number, for example 9.8%, you can say:

almost 10%, nearly 10%, more than 9%, over 9%, just under 10%

and when you want to make the number seem small: less than 10%.

VI. Some people feel that approximating is unscientific. What do you think?

VII. Line graphs. Pie charts:

Line graphs

Notice the verbs used to describe changes over a period of time.

rise fall reach a peak remain the same

increase drop

go up decrease

go down

Notice the difference:

rise sharply rise steadily

steeply gradually

rapidly

Pie charts

Pie charts are an effective way of showing the relationship of parts to a whole: the complete circle or pie represents the whole, while the parts are represented by segments or slices. In this pie chart, which shows a health authority’s costs, the orange slice represents costs of hospital services. So, hospital services account for 60% of the costs.

VIII. Practise describing the chart. Medical research

New vocabulary

MERI – Medical Educational and Research Institute

Donate – дарить, жертвовать

Motto - девиз

ENT - ear, nose, throat

Outside locations – территории за пределами исследовательского центра

Medical devices - медицинское оборудование

Implant – имплантат

After the first watching answer the questions:

1) When was Medical Education and Research Institute founded?

2) What is the motto of MERI?

3) What fields of medicine are researches conduced in?

4) Who are the patients of MERI? Are they real patients with real health problems?

5) Is MERI associated with companies that develop and manufacture medical devices and implants?

6) What are video conferences used for?

7) What are the main purposes of Medical Education and Research Institute?

After the second watching choose the right variant:

1. Each year more than …..physicians from US and from more than …..countries around the globe come for training and research at MERI.

a) 2000, 12

b) 5000, 26

c) 7000, 30

2. The first aim of MERI is ….. new techniques (typically surgical techniques) to post-graduate physicians.

a) to teach

b) to find

c) to create

3. MERI includes ….. anatomical teaching laboratories.

a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

4. MERI provides ….. for residents.

a) good ideas

b) good work

c) realistic training

5. Because doctors have busy daily routine making it hard to get away from their practices, MERI can take ….. to outside locations.

a) its researchers

b) its workers

c) its laboratories and experience

Discuss the next questions:

Are there any institutions in Russia (in Barnaul) similar to MERI?

Are they of great importance and why?