Reading and writing

1. Read the part in a scientific article called “Introduction”. What are the ways of starting it as well as presenting?

2. Read the part in a scientific article called “Conclusion”. What are the ways of expressing summarizing and concluding.

3. Repeat the Vocabulary aids for “Introduction” and “Conclusion” and try to use them in writing your own “Introduction”.

4. Translate the following abstract.

Исследованы 252 больных местнораспространенным раком почки (стадии T3N0M0, T2-4N1-2M0). У 190 больных (75,4%) зарегистрирована опухоль pT3. Поражение одного и более лимфатических узлов метастазами рака было установлено у 50 (19,8%) пациентов. Профилактика послеоперационных осложнений у 109 больных проводилась с использованием общей магнитотерапии. В послеоперационном периоде 105 пациентам проводилась лучевая терапия в дозе, равной 50 Грей. 109 пациентов получили три курса адъювантной иммунотерапии фактором некроза опухоли – альфа.

Все больные были распределены на четыре подгруппы: I подгруппа (группа сравнения) – 74 (29,4%) пациента – получала только хирургическое лечение; II подгруппе (группа сравнения) – 69 (27,4%) пациентов – было предложено хирургическое лечение в комбинации с дистанционной лучевой терапией (ДЛТ); в III подгруппе (основная группа) – 53 (21,0%) пациента – была использована комбинация хирургического лечения с общей магнитотерапией (МТ) и иммунотерапией фактором некроза опухоли – альфа (ФНО-альфа); IV подгруппа (основная группа) – 56 (22,2%) пациентов – получала комплексное лечение – хирургическое вмешательство с ДЛТ, МТ и ФНО-альфа.

Доказана эффективность предложенной программы лечения.

Ключевые слова: местнораспространенный рак почки, комплексное лечение, магнитотерапия, фактор некроза опухоли.

Over to you: Find papers on your research. Write down the terms. Summarize the results of study in the form of an essay.

Exam’s situation: Try to present description of the disease (or diseases) you are fased with in your practice.

Lesson 9 medical recent techniques

Vocabulary and reading

explore - изучать

entity - сущность, существо

commonly - в целом

line - выстилать

presumably - в основном, преимущественно

enable - позволять, допускать

survive - выживать

starve - голодать

at exactly the site - точно в то место, где …

tiny - крошечный

actually - действительно

nonetheless - тем не менее

announce - обобщить, представить

graft - пересадка

1. Read and translate the text. Therapeutic Angiogenesis: How Does it Work?

Between 1000.000 and 200.000 Americans suffer from poor circulation in their legs as a result of atherosclerosis, “the most under-diagnosed entity in cardiovascular disease,” according to Dr. Jeffrey Isner, professor of medicine and pathology at Tufts University School of Medicine in Medford, M.A., and chief of cardiovascular research at St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center. Isner his team conducted the study explored on showing it is possible to grow new blood vessels in legs that have become clogged by the same fat-filled plaques that commonly clog coronary arteries.

Isner’s therapy uses genes for human growth factor, part of a hormonal substance that instructs the body to develop new cells. In this case, the substance, called VEGF – vascular endothelial growth factor – tells the body to create endothelial cells that line blood vessels.

These arteries are extremely calcified.

In recent years, cancer researchers discovered this growth factor in tumor cells. Presumably it is part of the mechanism that generates a blood supply, enabling the tumor to survive and grow. Some new cancer therapies aim to capitalize on the discovery by cutting off blood supply to tumors through a process called anti-angiogenesis. But while those try to thwart angiogenesis in order to starve cancer cells. Isner and his team decided to use the natural process to help atherosclerosis patients. He calls his approach therapeutic angiogenesis.

Here’s how it works: using genes from the cells of a human pituitary tumor, researchers separate out the growth factor gene and replicate it many times. This so-called “naked DNA” is injected into the leg muscles at exactly the site where the arteries are clogged.

Because the DNA is not delivered into the cell nuclei by specially engineered viruses or camouflaged in the fat spheres called liposomes, only a tiny fraction of the genes actually get into the muscle cells. And the foreign DNA appears to work for only a few weeks. But nonetheless, in some cases, the leg muscles are stimulated to make enough VEGF protein to help new blood vessels grow.

These new, narrower vessels allow blood to flow freely around the old, clogged arteries. Although the procedure did not work in everyone Isner treated, new blood vessels were usually found in patients in one to six months after the last injection.

Isner announced his success in November 1997 at the American Heart Association’s 70^th Scientific Sessions in Orlando, where other scientists reported on similar research that, many think, will change the way atherosclerosis will be treated in the next century.

II. Use the following words and phrases in sentences of your own:

suffer, from, conduct, explored, instruct the body to develop new cells, discover, survive, therapeutic angiogenesis, separate out, many times.

III. Review the text and ask questions.

IV. Point out the causes of clogged coronary arteries. Describe growth factor in tumor cells.

V. Describe the mechanism of therapeutic angiogenesis.