III. Read the following notes and write a reply of around 200 words.

You know that Ducatissimo occasionally imports surplus stocks from the southern hemisphere (especially Australia, Argentina, Brazil and Chile) to sell off the following season in the northern hemisphere (especially in the UK and Ireland). The products are often (but not always) a bargain and are worth looking at.

You can meet first thing Thursday in your office, or Friday morning at around 11. You need to know how long the meeting will take (you may need to shift other appointments). You want Carlo to be on time.

Mention your concern regarding:

• labels (English? Spanish? Portuguese?). They need to be in English. Can this be guaranteed?

• delivery (Easter OK; after mid-May – right to cancel?)

• sizes and quantities (are complete ranges available, or odd sizes?)

You also need further information on minimum quantities and discounts.

Over to you: Make a list of the qualities you think are needed to be a good specialist. Make a similar list of qualities for another specialty. How does the hospital training of doctors in your country differ from British system? How would you explain it to a colleague from another country? How do hospitals in your country organize admissions? How would you explain the procedure to a colleague from another country? Use the website and programme to define the more frequent words of 2 texts chosen for your area of research.

Exam’s situation

Present a story of your well known specialist. What was his way of choosing his speciality and becoming a qualified doctor?

Remember word combinations: in order to speak and write correctly:

1. to put somewhat differently

2. on another occasion

3. as a somewhat separate issue

4. lead to a maste of medical sciences

5. consider a research experience an integral component

6. permit students to participate in

7. extensive background in the biological sciences.

Lesson 6 Topic: Recent advances in medicine. Narrow field of investigation.

Vocabulary and reading

size - размер

similar - одинаковый

suppress - подавлять

response - реакция, ответ

induce - вызывать

in contrast - наоборот

be related to - относиться к чему-либо

completely - полностью

eliminate - устранить

mainly - в основном

express - выражать

promote - обеспечивать

1. Read and translate the text from the field of recent advances in clinical medicine.

Abstract: In this talk we present the novel human proteins: Thymus Expressed Apoptosis Factor (TEAF) and Natural Killer Colony Activation Factor (NKCAF). TEAF and NKCAF have similar size and second structure. Structure analysis and blood test showed that TEAF and NKCAF are the hormone-peptides. TEAF was cloned from human thymus cDNA library. RT-PCR and immuno histochemical studies showed that this protein is expressed solely in the medulla and Hassal’s corpuscles of human thymus gland.

We have found that TEAF poses triple anti-cancer activity:

- It kills the cancer cells by inducing both Caspase 8 and Bcl-2 mediated pathways of apoptosis;

- It suppress angiogenesis by inhibiting the expression of the VEGFA and VEGFR1 receptor and by enhancing the expression of IL-10;

- It modulates activity of innate immune response.

It should be noted that TEAF induces apoptosis in proliferating cancer cells like: acute myeloid leukemia cells (U937 pre-myeloid cells), human carcinoma cells, human lung cancer and HeLa cella, while, in contrast, TEAF was unable to induce apoptosis is related to the level of T1/ST2 receptor expression. The in vitro results were corroborated by in vivo tumor suppression by TEAF of tumors raised in mice injected with human AML’s cells and human and murine carcinoma cells. It is important that TEAF was able to completely eliminate AML cells from bone marrow.

NKCAF was cloned from human cDNA library and is expressed, mainly, in pancreas, kidney and testis. The activated monocytes and CD8 cells express NKCAF as well. It has been found that NKCAF activates Natural Killer cells and promotes release of the perforin and granzyme B. Application of NKAF to mice injected with human pancreatic cancer cells drastically decreases the tumor size.

Brief Biography of the Speaker:

Prof. Uziel Sandler, Chair of Department of Computational Biochemistry of Jerusalem College of Technology and Founder, CEO of ISK LTD.

Professor Uziel Sandler is expert in Nonlinear Properties and Critical Behavior of Condensed Matter, DNA Sequence Analysis and Evolutionary Computations. He is one of the founders of the advanced mathematical discipline called ‘Fuzzy Dynamics’, which describes evolution of complex systems with uncertainty in their dynamics laws. Fuzzy Dynamics has been successfully applied to modeling of the immune system cells’ maturation and to modeling of behavior of a neural cell. Prof. Sandler has published more than 70 academic articles in prestigious scientific journals and 3 books. He is also serving as chair in international conferences and as a member in several worldwide committees in the above-mentioned fields.

At 2005 together with Dr. Yoram Devary he has found immune System Key Ltd. (ISK LTD), the biotechnology company, which has cloned a novel human hormone-peptide with strong anti-cancer activity. He is also serving as chair of Department of Computational Biochemistry and as Professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics of Jerusalem College of Technology.

Prof. Sandler holds a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from L.V. Kirensky Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of former USSR.

2. Find and read sentences with the words given above.

3. Translate the word combinations:

immuno histochemical studies, triple anticancer activity, Bcl-2 mediated pathways of apoptosis, enhancing the expression of IL-10; proliferating chance cell like: acute myeloid leukemia cell

4. Try to use in your own sentences: in this talk, we present, have found,

it should be noted, in contrast, it is important that, mainly, it has been found that drastically decreases the tumor size

III. Find and read sentences with the words given above.

IV. Compose 4 sentences with new words conserning advances in medicine.

V. Work in pair and discuss the following questions with a partner:

1. What do you do with vocabulary that you have just learned.

2. What do you do later (the next day, the next week, the next month) to recall it.

3. watching out for the expressions in reading or listening activities;

4. writing or telling a stony (report) linking all the word and phrases you want to learn.

VIII. Define journals, areas of research, societies, papers (taken from the recent journals).

1. Neuroscience Research

2. American Neurological association

3. Neurology

4. Genes and Immunity

5. Neuro genetics

6. Journal of Clinical Immunology

7. Journal of Nutritional and Environment Medicine

8. Haematology

9. Chromatography

10. Circulation

11. Vascular biology

12. Alternative Medicine

13. Clinical Microbiology

14. Emergency Medicine

15. Gynecological Endoscopy

16. Gynecologic Surgery

17. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

18. Atherosclerosis

19. Genetic Diseases

20. Journal of Basic and Applied Science

21. American Heart Association

22. American Society of Nuclear Cardiology

23. The WHO World Mental Health Surveys

24. Respirology.

This is a text from “Essential oncology” taken from the textbook.

1 Epidemiology

1.1 General facts. Leukemias belong to the systemic diseases which are subdivided into myeloproliferative diseases (originating from the bone marrow) and lymphoproliferative diseases (originating from the lymphoid system). Leukemias belong to the myeloproliferative diseases and malignant lymphomas belong to the lymphoproliferative diseases.

Leukemias occur all over the world. The disease represents approximately 3% of all malignant diseases in the world. There is no striking difference in incidence rates over the past four decades; mortality rates have decreased somewhat over the past two decades due to the developments in chemotherapy.

The incidence of the different types of leukemias increase with age, with the exception of the acute lymphoblastic leukemia which occurs specifically in children. Childhood leukemia is discussed in the chapter on childhood cancer. This chapter is restricted to the main groups of leukemia in adults.

1.2. Aetiology. A particular causative factor for leukemia is, as of 1994, unknown. But what is known is, that there is a variety of high risk factors. These factors have in common, that DNA is affected. High risk factors are:

- ionizing radiation (leukemia is seen more frequently in survivors of the 1945 nuclear bomb explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki that in the Japanese population in general; secondary leukemia sometimes occurs several/many years after radiation therapy)

- chemical agents such as benzene derivatives and cytostatic drugs (secondary leukemia sometimes may occur several/many years after chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy)

- viruses, such as HTLV-1 as a causal factor in the development of adult T-cell-leukemia (a specific type of leukemia occurring in the Caribbean and in a few regions in Japan)

- chromosomal and genetic disorders, such as in Down’s syndrome

- other haematopoietic disorders, such as bone marrow aplasia, myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera.

2 Pathology and biological behaviour

2.1 Main groups. Leukemias are systemic diseases. They concern disseminated processes in which there is a malignant proliferation of haematopoietic bone marrow cells and especially of the precursor cells of the white blood cells. Originating from the bone marrow the disease usually extends into the circulating blood and the other reticulo-endothelial organs: the lymph nodes, spleen and liver. But basically every organ may be involved, including the central nervous system.

Based on morphological characteristics of the abnormal cells in the bone marrow, supplemented with immunologic typing of the membrane characteristics, leukemias can be subdivided into

• acute or chronic disease

• myeloid or lymphocytic origin.

Acute leukemias present immature precursor cells (blasts) which have little or no tendency to mature. Chronic leukemias present matured cells with or without combination of all kinds of intermediate maturation.

Acute, chronic, myeloid and lymphocytic characteristics combined lead to four main groups:

• acute myeloid leukemia

• acute lymphoblastic leukemia

• chronic myeloid leukemia

• chronic lymphocytic leukemia.