VI. Try to use the new vocabulary in your own sentences and questions. Grammar and speaking

Will or be going to? Be+to forms and other tenses with future reference.

The construction “it+Passive Voice”, “it+be….that”.

1. Translate the following sentences:

1. It has been estimated that there are between one and two million islets in the pancreas.

2. It has long been known that smooth muscle is more susceptible to chemical excitation than is skeletal muscle.

3. For many years it has been recognized that cells need calcium to function because their growth and development is related with changes in their intracellular calcium content.

4. It can be realized that formation of bile is controlled by certain hormone.

5. It must be realized that reflexes may occur at different levels of the central nervous system.

6. It should be realized that even when the muscle is at rest it remains slightly contracted.

7. It about be pointed out that heredity and evolution are important in the development of the structure of an organ.

2. Translate the sentences starting with words: именно, действительно + что+ который, кто…

1. It is only in certain organs such as the liver and the lungs that every cell is in direct contact with a capillary.

2. It is largely in the liver that toxic substances which might damage the cells are rendered harmless.

3. It is mainly the neutrophils and the monocytes that attack and destroy invading bacteria, viruses and other injurious agents.

4. It is in the gallbladder that stones form, because it is here that the bile is concentrated and cholesterol is precipitated.

5. Bile salts inhibit the growth of some microorganisms in the upper part of the intestine. It is only in the large intestine that bacteria multiply freely.

6. Capillaries are functionally the most important part of the circulatory system because it is through their walls that all the oxygen, nutrients, and waste products pass between the blood and the body cells.

I. Some information about future tenses:

1.- You have probably already learned something about these two common future forms. However, the difficulty is knowing when to choose which form. Our starting point in this unit is the following:

- Will seems to be best for situations when you are in the process of making a decision about the future.

- Be going to seems best for situations when you are informing someone about a plan you have already made.

2. – If we make a general prediction about something, we can use will.

- If we link our prediction to the present in some way we can use be going to.

- In sentence, the speaker uses be going to because he/she wants to emphasise that the prediction is based on the present weather forecast. Here are some more examples of linking a prediction with the present.

‘Look out! Your chair’s going to collapse!’ (I can see it starting to happen.)

‘You’re going to find it difficult to get a ticket; Mandy says they were sold out during the first week.’ (There are already difficulties.)

‘I’ve eaten too much. I think I’m going to be sick.’ (I can feel it now.)

3. – Will and be going to behave rather differently from each other in the context of conditional clauses for situations which imply conditions on future actions/events).

- Susan has already decided to break the twenty-pound note, and therefore the information in the if clause (if anyone wants a drink) cannot affect or alter the ideas of the main clause (I’m going to break a twenty-pound note…).

- If Susan said I’ll break a twenty-pound note, if anyone wants a drink, the meaning would be different. This would imply that the ideas in the if clause would cause her to break into the note (and that otherwise she would not spend it).

4. – When you are telling someone about an arrangement which has already been made, it is usually appropriate to use be going to.

- When you are in the process of making an arrangement, it is generally better to use will. If you use be going to while you are making decisions with someone, it may seem as if you are not allowing the other person to have an opinion:

“I’m going to drive.’ (The person you are speaking to has no choice.)

‘I’ll drive.’ (The person you are speaking to can respond to the suggestion.)

• The (joking) decision to sit in different parts of the restaurant is a reaction to something which has just happened. If Clare had said, ‘You sit down there, but I’m going to sit up here,’ it would seem as if she was serious and had decided to sit elsewhere and was informing her friend of her considered decision. These differences in meaning are due in part to the way in which the two forms behave in conditional contexts.