Classification of a:
Derivational are suf. and pref. There can be more than 1 d.a per word. It may attach to only a limited number of roots. Functions: converting one part of speech to another: changing of the meaning of the root.
Inflectional it’s a suffix in English. Only one per word. Attaches to all members of certain word class. Functions: indicating of grammatical meaning of the word.
A compound is the combination of two or more free roots (plus associated affixes). Both phrases (such as kick the bucket, hit the road, sit tight, run the gamut, under the weather) and compounds consist of more than one free root and may be semantically opaque. However, unlike a phrase, where the free roots are joined in a single syntactic unit but remain distinct words, a compound is considered a single word. Our usual means of distinguishing a compound word from a phrase are not always reliable.
Types of compound words
Compound Nouns
N+N>N
V+N>N
A+N>N
Prt+N>N
Prt+V>N
V+Prt>N
N+-’s+N>N
V+-ing+N>N
N+V+ -ing > N
N+V>N
N+V+-er>N
Compound Verbs
N+V>V
A+V>V
Prt+V>V
A+N>V
Compound Adjectives
N+A>A
A+A>A
N+N>A
A+N>A
V+Prt>A
N+V+ -ing > A
A+V+ -ing > A
N+V+-en>A
A+V+-en>A
A+N+-ed>A
Conversion as a productive type of word formation. Types of conversion. Semantic aspect of conversion.
Conversion is a way of word-building, which also called affixless or zero suffixation. It also treats as morphological way of forming words when one part of speech is formed from another by changing its paradigm. Nouns and verbs can be formed by conversion.
Types of conversion:
The English vocabulary as an adaptive system. Neologisms.
Див. pdf-file “Neologisms”
Etymological classification of the English vocabulary. Native words versus loan words. Assimilation of borrowings.
Native words: Indo - European and common Germanic.
Semantic groups of IE layer:
Words, denoting kinship;
Words denoting important objects and phenomena of nature;
Names of animals and birds;
Names of parts of human’s body;
Some of the often used verbs;
Some of the numerals.
Loan words
Borrowed word differs from native one’s by their phonetics, morphological structure and by grammatical forms. Also, they aren’t motivated semantically.
The term source of borrowing (applied to the language from which the borrowing was taken into English) should be distinguished from origin of word (refers to language to which the words may be traced).
Borrowings can be classified according to different criteria. Among them are:
Acc.to aspect which is borrowed. Divided into several groups: a) phonetic b (words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning; sometimes structure, spelling and stress can be changed; also called loan words proper) ; b) translation loans (are translations of some foreign words or expressions; the notion is borrowed from foreign language, but expressed by native language units; also called word-for-word, or morpheme-to-morpheme); c) semantic b (new meaning of the unit existing in the language borrowed; in relative languages which have common word with different meaning; can appear when an English word was borrowed into other language and changed its meaning and came back to English with that new meaning); d) morphemic b. (b.of affixes which occur in the language when many words with identical affixes were borrowed from one lang.into another and it’s become familiar to the people speaking borrowing lang.);
Acc.to the degree of assimilation. Degree of assimilation (DA) depends on such factors: 1. From what lang.the word was borrowed; 2. In what way word was borrowed; 3. How often word is used in the language; 4. How long word lives in the lang. Divided into such groups: a) completely assimilated (aren’t felt like as foreign in lang; spelling, pronunciation can be also changed); b)partly assimilated (subdivided into such groups: 1) b not assim. semantically because they’re denoting an object and notions which are peculiar for lang, of which they were borrowed; 2) b not assim. Grammatically; 3) b not assim. phonetically; 4) can be partly assim.graphically; c) non-assimilated/barbarisms (used seldom: tet-a-tet);
Acc.to the language from which the word was borrowed (divided into 2 big groups: 1) Roman b.( Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish); 2) Germanic b (Scandinavian, German, Dutch).
Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. Formal style. Informal style.
Pdf-file “Stylistic classification”
Regional varieties of English. British English versus American English.
Див. Pdf-file “Br vs Am”
Types of semantic change. Metaphoric and metonymic transference of meaning.
Pdf-file “Semantic changes”
Basic problems of dictionary compiling. Main types of English dictionaries.
Pdf-file “Lexicography”