IX. Give the words of the opposite meaning:

to exclude, to result in, to diminish, gradually, slight, to drop, to suffer from, frequently, to arrest

X. Translate into English:

1. врожденный порок сердца; 2. принять эффективные меры; 3. вне­запная остановка сердца; 4. трепетание предсердий; 5. нарушение крово­снабжения

7 Я-438

193XL Choose the appropriate word given in brackets:

1. Heart operations must be (preceded, followed) by various physical and laboratory analyses enabling the doctor to make a correct diagnosis. 2. The damage to different organs of the human body may be caused by (blood supply, blood loss). 3. The findings of Russian scientists such as Georgi Lang, Alexander Myasnikov and Dmitry Pletnev show that the main cause of some heart dis­eases is (the impairment, the arrest) of the nerve regulation of cardiac and vascular functions.

XII. Translate into English:

1. Больной был срочно госпитализирован в связи с его тяжелым со­стоянием. 2. При наличии тяжелых сердечных заболеваний больной часто страдает одышкой. 3. Операции на сердце всегда предшествуют много­численные исследования. 4. Его оперировали но поводу врожденного поро­ка сердца. 5.-При стенокардии больной должен соблюдать назначение врача в течение определенного периода времени. 6. Обильное наружное кровоте­чение (bleeding) явилось результатом повреждения большой поверхности голени. 7. Длительное соблюдение соответствующей диеты привело к сня­тию боли в желудке.

ХШ. Use Complex Object instead of the subordinate clause. Trans­late the sentences into Russian:

1. At the Institute of Cardiology in Moscow the researchers have found that mental overstrain is the factor causing the infarction in 35% of patients. 2. They have observed that the direct association between infarctions and the nerves occurs'only in the age-group of patients over 40. 3. At the Institute of Experimental Medicine the scientists have found that cholesterin is produced in the body itself in the amounts sufficient to cause atherosclerosis. 4. Cardi­ologists have observed that children with congenital heart defects have no clini­cal manifestations of the disease until years after birth, when it may be too late to operate.

XIV. Answer the following questions:

1. How many litres of blood does the human heart pump per minute at rest? 2. How many litres of blood does the human heart pump per minute on great physical exertion? 3. How many times does the human heart contract within 70 years of life? 4. How many litres of blood does the human heart pump within 70 years of life? 5. In how many seconds does the blood make a complete circle in our body at rest? 6. How long can the man live without water and without food?

194

XV. Read Text f. Which of the described methods have you got interested in?

Text F. Methods Used in Cardiosurgery

In performing the operations on the contracting heart there is danger of the impairment of cardiac function and partial arrest of blood circulation, resulting in the damage to some organs, brain cells in particular.

Such danger is eliminated when artificial blood circulation apparatus called heart-lungs is used during the operation. By using the artificial blood circula­tion apparatus the heart is excluded from the blood circulation and the surgeon is able to work on the "dry" heart for a longer period of time achieving better results.

Hypothermia is another method used in heart operations. When the patient is under hypothermia the surgeon can eliminate congenital or developed heart defects without the loss of the patient's blood during the operation.

The method of occlusion consists of bandaging all the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart just before making an incision on the cardiac wall. When the method of occlusion is applied the surgeon evacuates from the heart that amount of blood which is inside its cavities (in the adult it is about 100-150 ml) and performs the necessary operation to eliminate the cardiac defect.