Бессоюзные условные предложения

Во всех типах условных придаточных предложений условные союзы if, provided (при условии), in case (в случае), on condition (при условии) и т.д. могут быть опущены. В бессоюзных условных придаточных предложениях порядок слов обратный, т.е. сказуемое или часть сказуемого вспомогательный глагол) выносится на место перед подлежащим.

	Условное придаточное предложение	Главное предложение
I тип	Should any repair be required (If any repair is required)... Если потребуется ремонт,	it will be made immediately он будет произведен немедленно
II тип	Had we enough time to spare (If we had enough time...) Было бы у нас достаточно времени,	we should attend the conference. мы бы пошли на конференцию.
III тип	Had we applied this method of work, (If we had applied ...) Если бы мы применяли этот метод работы, (тогда)	we should have had the desired results. мы имели бы желаемые результаты.

Глагол to be (to be - was, were - been)

Синтаксическая функция и значение	Пример и перевод
1. Смысловой глагол со значением "быть", "находиться" (когда за ним следует существительное с предлогом или наречие).	The new device is in the laboratory. Новый прибор находится в лаборатории. The new device is here. Новый прибор находится здесь.
2. Глагол-связка (в сочетании с предикативом) со значением "быть", "являться", "состоять", "заключаться".	My friend is a student. Мой друг - студент. His aim was to become an engineer. Его целью было стать инженером.
3. Вспомогательный глагол для образования форм: a)Continuous и Perfect Continuous б) страдательного залога	Engineers are looking for new methods in housing construction. Инженеры ищут новые методы строительства домов. Radio was invented by A.S. Popov a talented Russian scientist. Радио было изобретено А.С.Поповым, талантливым русским ученым.
4. Модальный глагол со значением «должен», когда он стоит перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола с частицей «to».	They were to prepare everything for the experiment. Они должны были приготовить все для эксперимента,

Глагол to have (to have — had — had)

Синтаксическая функция и значение	Пример и перевод
1. Смысловой глагол со значением "иметь", "обладать" (перед именем существительным, числительным, местоимением).	Our country has many thousands of radio stations. Наша страна имеет много тысяч радиостанций,
2. Вспомогательный глагол для образования времен Perfect (перед причастием прошедшего времени).	Many years have passed since the day when radio was invented. Прошло много лет с тех пор, как было изобретено радио.
3. Эквивалент модального глагола в значении долженствования (перед инфинитивом смыслового глагола с частицей "to").	Не had to make a lot of experiments. Ему пришлось проводить много экспериментов.

The infinitive

1. Forms of the infinitive

Perfect	to have signed (to have + Participle II)	to have been signed (to have been + Participle II)
Continuous	to be signing (to be + Participle I)	–
Perfect Continuous	to have been signing (to have been + Participle I)	–

2. Functions of the infinitive

Function	Example
1. Subject 2. Part of the compound predicate 3. Object 4. Attribute 5. Adverbial Modifier	То read aloud is very useful. Our aim is to master English. I told him to go as quickly as possible. Here is the article to be translated. I came to help you.

3. Infinitive constructions

Complex Object

Construction	Example
Complex Object noun (g.c.) + inf. pron. (obj. c.)	We believe her to be in Moscow now. She wanted me to return soon. We expect him to come here.

Complex Object is used after the verbs that express:

1) wish and need: to want – хотеть, нуждаться, to wish, to desire – желать, would like – хотел бы.

Ex.: I want you to help me. Would you like me to translate this text?

2) supposition: to suppose – предполагать, to expect – ожидать, to consider – считать, полагать, to believe – верить, полагать.

Ex.: They consider him to become a good engineer. We believe her to be in Moscow now.

3) physical perception: to watch – наблюдать, to see – видеть, to hear – слышать, to feel – чувствовать (без частицы to).

Ex.: The students heard him play the piano. She felt somebody look at her

4) statement, knowledge: to know – знать, to find – обнаруживать, находить, to think – думать, to declare – заявлять.

Ex.: We know him to have taken part in the conference.

5) compulsion, order, prohibition: to cause – причинять, вызывать, to get, to make – (без частицы to) заставлять, to command, to order – велеть, приказывать.

Ex.: We could not get him go there.

6) request, permission: ask – просить, to allow, to permit – позволять, to enable – давать возможность.

Ex.: I allowed him to come in.

Complex Subject

Construction	Example
Complex Subject noun (g. c.) (+ v.) + inf. pron. (n. c.)	They are said to have travelled lot.

Complex Subject is used in the Passive Voice with the following verbs: to hear – слышать, to see – видеть, to find – находить, обнаруживать, to know – знать, to report – сообщать, to expect – ожидать, полагать, to consider – считать, рассматривать, to believe – полагать, to say – говорить, to suppose – предполагать.

Ex.: The delegation was reported to have already arrived.

The conference is believed to take place in Minsk.

Complex Subject is used in the Active Voice with the following verbs: to seem, to appear – казаться, to prove – оказаться, to happen – случаться, to turn out – оказаться и со словосочетаниями: to be unlikely (likely) – маловероятно, to be sure (unsure) – определенно, безусловно, to be certain (uncertain) – определенно, наверняка.

Ex.: The dinner seems to be ready. The weather is not likely to change. They are sure to come.

Construction «for» + noun (pron.) + inf.

Construction	Example
«for» + noun (pron.) + inf.	Everybody waited for the meeting to start. This is for you to decide.

The participle

1. Forms of the participle

	Active	Passive
Participle I	delivering	being delivered
Participle II		delivered
Perfect Participle	having delivered	having been delivered

2. Functions of the participle

1. Attribute	Mother is looking at her sleeping child.
2. Adverbial modifier а) of time b) of reason c) of manner or attendant circumstances	When asked he refused to answer the question. Having been translated into many languages the book became world famous. Не was reading the news- paper sitting in the armchair.
3. Part of the predicate	The plan is being discussed. All doors were locked.

3. Participle constructions

Construction	Example
Objective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(obj. c.)	We heard him playing the piano. I considered the work done. I had my books bound.
Subjective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(nom. c.)	Не was seen crossing the street. She was heard talking about it. Не was seen looking for something.

Absolute Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(nom. c.)

It being warm, we went for a walk. Radio was invented in 1895, the inventor being the Russian scientist.

The gerund

1. Forms of the gerund

	Active	Passive
Gerund	shipping	being shipped
Perfect Gerund	having shipped	having been shipped

2. Functions of the gerund

Function	Usage	Example
Subject		Swimming is my favorite sport.
Part of the compound predicate	after the verb: to be; with prepositions: against, for; with the expressions: to be on the point of, to be far from; after the verbs: to stop, to finish, to continue, to go on, to keep, to begin, tо start, to like, to need, to prefer and others.	My task is reading a book. The director is for starting the talks at once. The negotiations are still far from being ended. Stop talking. He kept on asking her about the details. Your suggestion needs discussing. I prefer reading classical novels.
Object а) direct object b) prepositional object	after the verbs: to remember, to enjoy, to mind, to excuse, to be worth; after the verbs with prepositions: to depend on, to rely on, to object to, to blame ... for, to thank for, to be responsible for, to be fond of, to be tired of, to be afraid of, to look forward to, to feel like and others.	She suggested discussing this question. I don't mind going there. Не is fond of collecting old cars. I am afraid of making a mistake. I am tired of arguing with you.
Attribute	After the nouns with prepositions: way (of), opportunity(of), hope of, ехреrience (in), геаson (for), interest (in), importance of and others.	You have no reason for saying that. I understand the importance of learning English.
Adverbail Modifier а) of time b) of manner or attendant circumstances с)of purpose	with prepositions: after, before, on; with prepositions: by, without, instead of, besides, apart from; with the expressions: for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to;	After returning home he resumed his work. She left the room without looking at me. The board was established for the purpose of improving the process.

3. Complex gerund construction

pron (pos. c.) + GERUND noun (pos. c., gen. c.)

He insisted on my being examined by the doctor. I know of Nick's father delivering lectures on chemistry.

WORD FORMATION