
- •Geosciences
- •Lesson 1 Earth science
- •Lesson 2 Geophysics
- •Types of geophysical survey
- •Lesson 3 Earth
- •Alternative names: Blue planet, Terra, Planet Earth
- •Lesson 4
- •Internal structure of the Earth
- •The layers of the Earth
- •Lesson 5 Plate tectonics
- •Lesson 6 Movement of plates
- •Lesson 7 Seafloor spreading. Mid-Atlantic Ridge Seafloor spreading
- •Black Smokers
- •Lesson 8
- •Volcanology. Types of volcanoes.
- •Volcanology
- •Types of volcanoes
- •Shield volcano
- •Caldera volcano Caldera is a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano.
- •Composite volcano
- •Lesson 9 How volcanoes are formed. Volcanic activity.
- •There are two main processes.
- •Volcanic activity
- •Lesson 10 Seismology
- •Lesson 12 Earthquake-proofing
- •Classification of geophysical methods
- •Basic principles
- •Ancient era
- •Modern designs
- •Seismic Technology: How It Works
- •Magnetometers
- •Early magnetometers
- •Gravimeter
- •Relative gravimeters
Geosciences
Матеріали до практичних занять з навчальної дисципліни
«Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням)»спеціальностей 5.04010301 «Пошук та розвідка геологічними методами»,
5.04010302 «Пошук та розвідка геофізичними методами»,
5.04010302.01 «Геофізичні дослідження у свердловинах»,
5.04010302.02 «Комп’ютерна обробка геофізичної інформації»,
5.04010303 «Пошук та розвідка гідрогеологічними та інженерно-геологічними методами»,
5.04010602 «Прикладна екологія»,
5.05030106 «Буріння свердловин».
V – VI семестр
Lesson 1 Earth science
Earth science is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. Earth science may also be called geoscience.
It is a broader term than geology because it includes aspects of planetary science, which is part of astronomy. The Earth sciences include the study of the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere, as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to understand the Earth, and how it evolved to its current state.
If there is one fact which underlies all Earth science it is this: the Earth is an ancient planet which has been changing the whole time since its formation. The extent of the changes is much greater than people used to think.
Memorize the words:
all-embracing – всеосяжний term – назва, термін broad – широкий to include – містити, включати в себе tool – інструмент, знаряддя to evolve – розвиватися, еволюціонувати ancient – древній, стародавній extent – розмір, ступінь
Answer the questions:
What does the term “Earth science” mean? What is the synonym for the term?
Which term is broader “geoscience” or “geology”? Why?
The data from which sciences help us to understand the Earth?
Which fact underlies all Earth science?
Lesson 2 Geophysics
Geophysics
(
dʒiːoʊfɪzɪks)
is the physics
of
the Earth
and
its environment in
space.
Sometimes geophysics
means only studying the geology
of
the earth such as its shape,
gravitational
and
magnetic
field,
internal
structure
and
composition.
It can also mean how those create plate
tectonics,
magmas,
volcanism
and rock
formation.
Some geophysicists now also study the hydrological cycle including snow and ice. They study how the oceans and the atmosphere move. They study electricity and magnetism in the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. How the earth and sun affect each other is also part of geophysics.
Geophysics was only recognized as a special area of study in the 19th century. But, there were geophysicists in ancient history. The first magnetic compasses were made in the fourth century BC and the first seismoscope was built in 132 BC. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean.
Studying geophysics may help with problems such as mineral resources, reducing natural hazards and protecting the environment. Geophysical survey data help find petroleum reservoirs, mineral deposits, and groundwater. Such data can also tell the thickness of glaciers and soils, and tell which areas have environmental damage that should be fixed.
Map of the age of the sea floor made from data about changes in the magnetic field.
Memorize the words:
environment – оточення, середовище to create – утворювати, створювати to affect – впливати, діяти на… to recognize – упізнавати, визнавати remote – віддалений exploration – дослідження to reduce – зменшувати, знижувати hazard – ризик, загроза survey – огляд, обслідування glacier – льодовик, глетчер soil – ґрунт, земля to fix – лагодити, ремонтувати
Answer the questions:
What is the subject of geophysics?
What aspects of the geology of the Earth does geophysics study?
When were the first magnetic compasses made?
When was the first seismoscope built?
When was geophysics recognized as a special area of study?
What problems can be solved with the help of geophysics?
Exercise 1. Translate into English:
Можливо, вони вивчають внутрішню структуру Землі. Можливо, зараз вони вивчають магнітне поле Землі. Можливо, ви вже бачили зображення першого сейсмоскопа. Напевне, більшість геофізичних методів було розроблено у 20 столітті.
Студентам-геологам слід знати предмет вивчення геофізики. Вам слід було пошукати додаткову інформацію . Студентові не слід було скачувати реферат з Інтернету.
Я маю цей текст у комп’ютері, тому не мушу списувати його з дошки. Я повинен вивчити цей уривок напам’ять? – Ні, це не обов’язково, лише вивчи нові слова. Я вивчив текст напам’ять. – Навіщо? Не було потреби тобі це робити.