Introduction

Although several previous investigations have led to the conclusion that pure benzene is unaffected by ultraviolet radiation in the range of quartz transmission, a number of workers have observed a change when benzene in an organic glass is irradiated at the boiling point of nitrogen. Ingram, Hodgson, Parker, and Rees, using a paramagnetic resonance technique, found evidence for the formation of «trapped» free radicals in similar unmelted glasses. Leach and his co-workers have also investigated these effects.

§ 151. Present Perfect также часто употребляется в самом тексте при указании на то, что уже было сделано авторами.

Например:

It is already well known that in many reactions of this type, relatively high yields can be obtained especially, for example, where the steric requirements for the reaction are favourable, as in Pschorr's phenanthrene synthesis. A study has therefore been'made of the electrolysis of a series of o-benzoylbenzoic acids in order to find out if the o-benzoyloxy-radical will give rise to an o-ben-zoylphenyl radical, which can then undergo intramolecular cyc-lisation with loss of a hydrogen atom to form a fluorenone. The formation of fluorenones by means of o-benzoylphenyl radicals (and the o-benzoylphenyl cation), prepared from the diazonium salts of 2-aminobenzophenones, has already been reported, but attempts to prepare the peroxide of o-benzoylbenzoic acid as an alternative source oj the o-benzoylphenyl radical have failed. The present work should provide such an alternative source.

§ 152. Необходимо оговорить, что некоторые авторы почти не применяют PresentPerfect и обходятся только формами Indefinite. Например:

165

Abstract

Nuclear magnetic relaxation of a two-spin system is discussed using Redfield's semiclassical formulation of the relaxation processes. An expression for the nuclear signal is given, from which the expected shape of multiplet lines and their behaviour upon various origins of the relaxation are discussed in detail. The discussion leads to the conclusion that the mechanism of nuclear relaxation can he determined by carefully analyzing the spin multiplet lines on the basis of the theory. Finally, it is shown that there is a possibility of finding the absolute sign of the spin-spin coupling constant in a two-spin system using the multiple resonance method.

Summary

The thermodynamic description of inhomogeneous systems is adapted to a determination of the pair correlation function. The method is most effective for describing the correlation behaviour near a critical point. The critical-point behavior is investigated for a simple model fluid of the van der Waal's type. A novel optical scattering phenomenon is predicted for the interface between two equilibrium phases for temperatures below but very near to the critical temperature. The effect of inclusion on critical point phenomena is noted.

Abstract

Equations are obtained which express the decay of motion of fluids between concentric cylinders, parallel plates, and in tubes. Numerical examples are given which indicate that the time required for the flow to decay may not always be short compared to the streaming birefringence relaxation times.

§ 153. Past Perfect. Обозначает действие, соотнесенное во времени с другим действием или с определенным моментом времени в прошлом: два действия в прошлом, из которых одно совершилось до другого. Употребляется:

1. С союзами when, after, before. Например: Температуру повысили на 20° до того, как произошел взрыв.

«The temperature had been raised by 20° before the explosion occurred».

2. G предлогом времени by — «к». Например:

Они закончили серию опытов к концу года. «They had been through with their series of experiments by the end of the year».

3. Для указания на то, что действие имело место до опреде ленного момента в прошлом. В таком случае в русском языке употребляются слова «ранее», «прежде», «до этого» (граммати- зация лексики, см. § 143). Например:

166

Мы были удивлены, обнаружив, что андростерон является спиртом эпи-типа, ибо ранее не было известно, что такие вещества встречаются в природе. «It was surprising to find that andros-terone is an alcohol of the epitype, for such substances had not been known to occur in nature».

Следующий пример наглядно показывает, как важно учитывать роль грамматизации лексики при переводе с русского на английский язык. В этом примере речь идет о таком существенном для ученого вопросе, как приоритет; причем вопрос о приоритете, как можно увидеть, решается несколькими месяцами:

В 1934 г. Даниелли и Адам отметили, чтоплощадь, занимаемая на поверхности молекулой эргостерола, является определенно неблагоприятной для гидроксильной группы, как ранее предположили в том же самом году Розенгейм и Кинг. «In 1934 Danielli and Adam pointed out that the area occupied in the surface by an crgosterol molecule was decidedly unfavorable for the hydroxyl gvoup,'ashadbecn suggested in the same year by Rosenheim and King».