3. Find the stem-words in the text to the given ones.

produce, mine, sale, process, manufacture, finish, suit, farm, use, consume, teach, commerce, distribute, export, bank

4. Combine a verb from a right-hand column with a noun from the left-hand column and make a sentence.

1. make 2. extract 3. sell 4. render 5. assemble 6. transport 7. employ 8. distribute

a) semi-finished goods b) goods c) goods d) services e) people f) products g) goods h) raw materials

5. Complete the sentences using the vocabulary from the text.

1. Saleable products are made from raw materials being extracted from ...

2. To … a raw material means to get it from the ground or from another substance.

3. … goods are goods being fully completed.

4. We must first … semi-finished goods before use.

5. The middle chain between the manufacturer and … is the retailer.

6. The … can consume finished products.

7. People who e.g. transport or insure the goods … services.

8. People in … work for the government.

9. Dentists are … people who are engaged in … services.

10. Forwarding agents … goods and render … services.

6. Find terms in the text to the following definitions.

1. A business whose work involves doing something for customers but not producing goods.

2. A middleman or company that buys and sells goods in large quantities, esp. so they can be sold again to make a profit.

3. A person or business that sells goods to the public.

4. A person or company that produces goods in large quantities.

5. A person who buys goods or uses services.

6. The production of goods from raw materials, esp. in factories.

7. Good enough to be sold.

8. A material in its natural state, not yet changed, used or made into something else.

7. Answer the questions:

- What kind of industry do I work in?

1. I’m a market gardener.

2. My company produces computers.

3. I work on oil rig in the North Sea.

4. In my spare time, I spin wool and sell it to companies which make exclusive knitwear.

5. I’m a carpenter.

6. I’m a deep-sea fisherman.

7. We make jewellery.

8. We make leather.

9. I’m a cotton weaver.

10. My company makes steel girders for bridges.

- Are these FINISHED or SEMI-FINISHED goods?

1. umbrellas 2. table legs

3. computer monitors 4. bottle tops

5. door handles 6. toys

7. bicycle saddles 8. filaments for light bulbs

9. carpets 10. shoelaces

- What kind of service do I render?

1. I’m a teacher.

2. I’m a plumber.

3. I work for a shipping company.

4. I’m a customs officer.

5. I work in a warehouse.

6. I’m an insurance broker.

7. I’m a mechanic.

8. I own a wholesale company which sells clothes.

9. I’m a judge.

10. I’m an architect.

- How do you think are the following goods distributed? (There may be more than one answer.)

1. off-the-peg clothes

2. designer clothes

3. hand-made chocolates

4. flowers

5. stationary

8. Communicative situation.

1. Choose one or more of the following products and describe (in as much detail as possible) the process it undergoes from the time the natural resources are extracted to the time it reaches the consumer:

• bread

• paper

• leather shoes

• wooden chairs

• copper pipes

2. Which type of service do you think is the most important? If possible, rank them in descending order of importance (most important to least important) and explain why.

Граматичний коментар
Present Simple	Present Continuous	Present Perfect
S+Vo/Vs (es)	S+ am +Ving is are	have S+ V3 has
Виражає дію, що відбувається 1) звичайно, завжди, іноді ... 2) в моменти мовлення – з дієсловами to see, to hear, to recognize, to want, to understand.	Виражає дію, що відбувається: 1) в момент мовлення (now, at the moment); 2) в даний період часу; 3) яку ви маєте намір здійснити в найближчий час.	виражає дію, що відбулась 1) до теперішнього моменту та пов’язана з ним своїм результатом; 2) більш ніж один раз в минулому; 3) що починалась в минулому і триває зараз. ! Час виконання дії не вказується.
always – завжди; often – часто; usually – звичайно; sometimes – інколи; rarely – рідко; occasionally – час від часу; every day – щодня …	now - зараз; at the moment – в даний момент …	ever – коли-небудь; never – ніколи; already – вже; yet – вже; (в питальних реченнях), ще ні (в заперечних реченнях); just – тільки що; lately – останнім часом; today, this week, this month … - якщо даний період часу ще триває.

Task 5. Choose a verb from the list and complete the text. You may use the negative.

make, get up, wake up, hurry, get, finish, do, let, shout, go, have, be

Sandra always gets up early in the morning. She … breakfast for her husband and children. Then she … the children ready for school. The children … usually … easily and sometimes she … at them. They … to school with their father who … a teacher. He … never late for school, and when the children … he … very angry. The children … lessons every day and they always … homework from their teachers, but sometimes they … it. When they … their homework, Sandra … them play with their friends.

Task 6. Describe the same situation using Present Continuous.

Model: The Kucherenkos are at the dining-table. The bacon and eggs before them are very good. So is the coffee.

The Kuchernkos are eating the bacon and eggs. They are drinking the coffee.

1. Olena is at home. The television is on and she is in front of it.

2. Vira likes orange juice. There is a glass of it in her hand.

3. Volodymyr is very good at tennis. He is on the tennis-court now.

4. Volodymyr is in the bathroom. His hand is on the tap.

5. It is 7.00 a.m. Mother is in the kitchen. The breakfast must be ready at 7.15 a.m.

6. Vira is on the bus now, on her way to school.

7. Petro is in his room. The English textbook is in front of him.

8. Oleg likes football. Today is Sunday and you can find him at the football-club.

9. It is 7.05. Petro is in the bathroom with a toothbrush in his hand.

Task 7. Complete with the Present Perfect.

1. A: Hi, Anna. Are you coming to play tennis now?

B: Sorry, I haven’t finished my homework yet. (not finish / homework / yet)

2. A: Where’s Ben?

B: … (go / to the dentist)

3. A: Where are you going on holiday this year?

B: France. … (be there / twice). I really love it!

4. A: Are your parents at home?

B: No, … (go to the cinema / with friends)

5. A: Why are your shoes so dirty?

B: … (play rugby / outdoors).

6. A: Lucy looks very tired.

B: Yes, … (work hard / recently).

Task 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form (Present Simple, Present Continuous and Present Perfect).

Dear Janet,

How are you? I’m writing (write) to you from Hawaii. The hotel we … (stay) in is amazing!

It’s very hot here and we … (have) a great time. Today, we … (be) all at the beach. Right now, my sisters, Carla and Daniela, … (build) a sandcastle. Mum and Dad … (play) beach volley and Giovanni, my brother, … (just/go) diving with his friends. They … (go) diving every day. So far, I … (try) windsurfing. It’s really thrilling!

We … (not/do) much sightseeing yet, but tomorrow we … (go) on a trip round the island. We’re all looking forward to it.

See you soon.

Luisa

Dear Madam,

My name is Carol Albert and I … (write) to you about the advertisement in today’s newspaper for the post of hotel receptionist. I … (leave) school and at present … (study) hotel catering at night school. My typing … (be) good and I also … (speak) two languages, English and Spanish. I … (take) courses in Computer Studies, Accounting and Office Management and I … (feel) that these courses … (give) me a lot of experience for the post you … (advertise). One day, I hope to become a hotel manager. I … (hope) that you will consider my application. I … (enclose) a C.V. with my personal details and other information which I … (think) may interest you. I … (look) forward hearing from you very soon.

Yours faithfully,

Carlo Albert

Grammar revision Subject Verb Object Agent active The farmer grows wheat passive Wheat is grown by the farmer The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the new sentence. The active verb changes into passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent (the person who does the action) and is introduced with ‘by’. We say ‘by + agent’ to say who or what did the action. We use ‘with + material/instrument/ingredient’ to say what instrument or material is used by the agent. The passive is used: when the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context; when the action is more important than the agent.