LESSON 1
In this lesson you learn
about stages of industry, chains of distribution, types of services
about types of goods
Essential vocabulary
chain of distribution commercial services consumer consumer services end-user extractive industry finished goods manufacturer manufacturing industry natural resources
private services processing industry public services raw materials render services retailer saleable semi-finished goods wholesaler
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мережа реалізації комерційні послуги (кінцевий) споживач споживчі послуги (кінцевий) споживач видобувна промисловість готовий товар, продукт виробник виробництво (як галузь) природні ресурси; корисні копалини приватні послуги переробна промисловість суспільні (державні) послуги сировина надавати послуги роздрібний продавець готовий для продажу напівфабрикати оптовий продавець |
1. Read and translate the text. Text a
There are three stages in the process of making saleable products from raw materials:
Extractive industry
The raw materials are extracted from natural resources, for example the miner mines iron ore and the farmer grows wheat.
Processing industry
The raw materials are processed into a form suitable for further use, for example the iron is made into steel and the wheat is made into flower.
Manufacturing industry
The results of the processing stage are made into semi-finished and finished goods, for example the steel is made into knives and the flower is made into bread. Finished goods are goods which are complete in themselves, for example steel forks. Semi-finished goods must be assembled before they can be used, e.g. wooden knife handles and steel knife blades.
Through the chain of distribution the goods reach the consumer or end-user. Normally the manufacturer sells his products to the wholesaler, the wholesaler sells to the retailer, and the retailer sells to the consumer. However, depending on the type of product, one or more stages may be missed out.
Other people do not contribute directly to production, but are needed e.g. to transport the goods from manufacturer to the customer, to ensure the goods etc. These render services. There are several types of services:
Public services:
People in public services are employed by the government, e.g. civil servants and teachers.
Private services:
Private services are rendered by skilled people with their own organizations, e.g. lawyers and doctors in private practices.
Consumer services:
Consumer services are services used by people in their everyday life, e.g. electricians and hairdressers.
Commercial cervices:
Commercial services are rendered by people who are needed for the efficient distribution of goods, e.g. exporters, bankers, agents.
2. Answer the questions to the text.
1. What are the stages of industry?
2. How many stages of industry are there in the process of making saleable products from raw materials?
3. What are the saleable products made of?
4. What is the extractive industry?
5. Where are the raw materials extracted from?
6. What is the processing industry?
7. What is the manufacturing industry?
8. What are finished goods?
9. What are semi-finished goods?
10. What is the chain of distribution?
11. Who consumes goods?
12. How many types of services are there?