Linguistic peculiarities:

Clichés:

Firstly, As the authors are constantly trying to embrace as more as possible variants of their inventions, the detailed description is full of various broadening phrases which can be grouped as follows:

1. Words and word phrases which indirectly underline variability of the invention features: (по существу, в основном), advantageously (эффективно), generally, conventionally, normally (обычно), practically (практически), preferable (предпочтительно), alternatively (как вариант) and etc.

2. Words, word phrases and prepositions which directly underline variability of the invention features: for illustrative purposes, e.g., as for example, solely by way of comparison, if desired, may, as shown, or, and/or, or other, or the like like….or the equivalent, at or near, or otherwise (secured) and etc.

3. General expressions helping avoid nonexistent specification: in typical (usual) fashion (manner) / в типичном/обычном исполнении; in concentric relation with / концентрично; in surrounding relation with / вблизи; in communicating relation with / в соединении с.

4. Everyday English words: means, device, body, piece member.

Secondly, to put emphasis on peculiar features of the invention, the following phrases are predominant: In accordance with one feature of the invention; in accordance with another feature of the invention; a further aspect of the invention is; a yet further aspect of the present invention is.

Thirdly, there are a lot of substitute words such as: the former, the latter; the same (meaning - one, that), the whole (meaning – all this, all these), thereof (meaning – of the former, of the latter, of it). + a lot of prepositions.

Finally, the terms used in detailed invention description must be well-known words with rather general meaning as inventors are interested in broadening scope of protection.

Grammatical peculiarities:

Grammar is quite similar to that applied in pure scientific texts, with the only exclusion concerning absolute participle constructions and attributive constructions, as well as emphatic inversions - particularly when passive voice is placed before absolute or attributive constructions.

Examples:

Passing through each central part of the coiled water tubes 14 and 14’ a motor-driven rotatably-mounted horizontally disposed soot blower pipe 18 is installed.

По оси каждой из змеевиковых водяных труб 14 и 14’ установлена горизонтальная вращающаяся золообдувочная труба 18 с электроприводом.

Formed above the sub-combustion chamber 5 is a combustion air preheating chamber 23 which communicates with the former at its front end.

Над вторичной камерой сгорания 5 расположена камера 23 для подогрева первичного воздуха, соединяющаяся со вторичной камерой у передней стенки.

Above all, there is no long string of such attributive nouns, rare use of attributive clauses with which in order to ensure accuracy of the description.

Claims

Claim (патентная формула). Patent claims are the part of a patent or patent application that defines the scope of protection granted by the patent. The claims define, in technical terms, the extent of the protection conferred by a patent, or the protection sought in a patent application. The claims are of the utmost importance both during prosecution and litigation.

Under the European Patent Convention (EPC), a claim must define the matter for which the protection is sought in terms of technical features. These technical features can be either structural (e.g. a nail, a rivet) or functional (e.g. fastening means).

According to European Convention, based on German/logical claim, patent claim must consist of one sentence. Regarding this specific structure of a claim, under the European Patent Convention, what is called the "preamble" is different from the meaning the "preamble" has under U.S. patent law. In an independent claim in Europe, the preamble is everything which precedes the expression "characterized in that" or "characterized by" in a claim written according to the so-called "two-part form", and therefore everything which is regarded as known in combination within one prior art document, namely the closest prior art document. For this reason, in Europe, the preamble of a claim is sometimes also called "pre-characterizing portion".

The example:

Название изобретения	Способ получения грунтовочного состава
Ограничительные признаки:	смешиванием мочевиноформальдегидной смолы и нитролака,
Граница ограничительной и отличительной частей	отличающийся тем, что
Указание цели	с целью получения однородной массы
Отличительные признаки	в состав грунта вводят скипидарный раствор канифоли

An American claim may include the following parts:

• A preamble that recites the class of the invention, and optionally its primary properties, purpose, or field: "An apparatus..." "A therapeutic method for treating cancer..." "A composition having an affinity for protein X..." This preamble may also reference another claim and refine it, e.g., "The method of claim 1..." (See "dependent claim" below.).

• A "transitional" phrase that characterizes the elements that follow. The phrases "comprising", "containing" and "including" are most often used and (under some patent laws, specifically US) preferable, as it means "having at least the following elements..." and are therefore open (inclusive) and do not exclude additional limitations. The phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" are (under some patent laws, specifically US) more limiting, as they mean "having all and only" or "virtually only" and are therefore closed (exclusive). In the US, the phrase "consisting of" excludes additional limitations, while the phrase "consisting essentially of" excludes additional limitations that would "materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention".

• A set of "limitations" that together describe the invention: "an X, a Y, and a Z connected to the X and the Y." The elements should be described as though they interact or cooperate to achieve the desired result. The distinction between elements and limitations is explained in the article All elements test.

• Optionally, a purpose clause that further describes the overall operation of the invention, or the goal that the invention achieves ("wherein the Z simultaneously controls the X and Y," or "wherein the Z accomplishes purpose W by controlling X and Y," etc.)

Example:

Preamble	What is claimed is (we claim/I claim) 1.Apparatus for shaking articles
Transition (переход)	which comprises:
Body of the claim	A container for the articles; A base; A plurality of parallel legs, each of which is connected…, and Means for oscillating the container on the legs to shake the articles.