Задания для работы в аудитории

Грамматика

I. Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения I, II и III типов:

1. If you (to be busy), I (to leave) you alone.

2. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic.

3. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry).

4. If he (to live) in Moscow, he (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year.

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме:

1. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it.

2. If she is not busy, she (to agree) to go to the museum with us.

3. If you really loved music, you (to go) to the Philharmonic more often.

4. I wish I (to know) Spain.

5. I wish I (to be) at yesterday’s party: it must have been very merry.

6. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay at home.

III. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол и временные показатели в соответствии с правилами согласования времен:

1. He said he (to leave) tomorrow morning.

2. I asked my brother if he ever (to travel) by air before.

3. He said he (to know) the laws of the country.

4. He said he (to read) for an hour by 5 yesterday.

5. He could not understand why people (not to want) to take water from that well.

6. She thought the children (to play) in the yard at that time.

VI. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Сестра сказала, что хочет приехать к нам сама.

2. Он сказал, что к 1990 году уже переехал в Москву.

3. Он думал, что брат смотрит телевизор в соседней комнате.

4. Мы знали, что он сдаст экзамен.

5. Он сказал, что его сестра больна.

6. Он сказал, что к моему приходу закончит писать сочинение.

7. Если бы я был свободен сейчас!

8. Если бы сейчас подошел трамвай, мы бы не опоздали.

9. Если пойдет дождь, мы останемся дома.

10. Я не сдал экзамен. Если бы я выучил тему, я бы его сдал.

 Чтение

SIENCE OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1). How many basic does the criminology have?

2). What are the objectives of criminology?

3). What did the positivist school attempt to extend?

4). Do the criminologist commonly use several research techniques?

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.

The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behaviour and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draw on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology and related fields.

Criminology originated in the late 18^th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19^th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the “social defence” movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.

Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offences, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kind of crime within geographic areas.

Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.

3. Найдите в тексте повторяющиеся слова, которые составляют его тематическую основу.

4. Назовите и выпишите из текста ключевые слова, несущие наи­большую смысловую нагрузку и которые можно использовать в каче­стве опоры при обсуждении проблемы, освещаемой в тексте.

5. Назовите основные проблемы, затронутые в тексте.

6. Скажите, на сколько частей можно условно разделить текст, и чему посвящена каждая отдельная часть.

7. Составьте список вопросов по тематике текста для беседы с новым другом.

8. Подготовьте краткое сообщение по тематике текста для раз- мещения на Интернет-форуме.

9.Подготовьте план пересказа текста и перескажите его.

AN OUTLINE OF LAWMAKING PROCESS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE USA.

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. In which House does new legislation start in Great Britain?

2. In which House does new legislation start in USA?

3. What is the bill?

2.Прочитайте и переведите тексты:

Britain.

New legislation in Britain usually starts in the House of Lords. In each house a bill is considered in three stages, called readings. The first reading is purely formal, to introduce the bill. The second reading is usually the occasion for debate. After the second reading the bill is examined in detail by a committee. The bill is then returned to one of the houses for the report stage, when it can be amended. If passed after its third reading, it goes to the other house. Amendments made to a bill by the House of Lords must be considered by the Commons . If the House of Commons does not agree, the bill is altered and sent bask to the Lords. In the event of persistent disagreement between the two houses, Commons prevails. Finally, the bill goes to the reigning monarch for the royal assent. Nowadays the royal assent is merely a formality. In theory the queen could still refuse her consent, but the last monarch to use this power was Queen Anne, who vetoed the unpopular Scottish Militia Bill in 1707.

United States.

The US Congress, the lawmaking arm of the federal government, consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Any Congressman in either house, or the president, may initiate new legislation. The proposed legislation, or bill, is first introduced in the House of Representatives, then referred to one of the standing committees, which organizes hearings on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. If the committee passes the bill, it is considered by the House of Representatives as a whole . If passed there, it goes to the Senate for a similar sequence of committee hearings and general debate. In cases of disagreement, the House of Representatives and the Senate confer together. Once passed by the Senate as a whole, the bill has to be examined by two more standing committees - the Committee on House Administration and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration - and is then signed by the speaker of the House and by the president of the Senate. Finally, it must be signed by the president, who has the right to veto it. If the president vetoes a bill, it can still become a law - but only if it is passed by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress.

3. Найдите в тексте повторяющиеся слова, которые составляют его тематическую основу.

4. Назовите и выпишите из текста ключевые слова, несущие наи- большую смысловую нагрузку и которые можно использовать в каче- стве опоры при обсуждении проблемы, освещаемой в тексте.

5. Назовите основные проблемы, затронутые в тексте.

6. Скажите, на сколько частей можно условно разделить текст, и чему посвящена каждая отдельная часть.

7. Составьте список вопросов по тематике текста для беседы с новым другом.

8. Подготовьте краткое сообщение по тематике текста для раз- мещения на Интернет-форуме.

9. Подготовьте план пересказа текста и перескажите его.

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Грамматический справочный материал