Vocabulary

Commodity items- items which can be produced and traded freely

Non-proprietary – not belonging to any single company

Capitalize on - profit from, turn to one's advantage

Answer these questions about the text:

1.How many main fames did IBM Hi ink it was possible to sell in 1952?

2.How many PCs have now been sold?

3.Who paid for the initial research into PCs?

4.Which company later used the results of this research 1o develop their operating system?

5.What are command-based operating systems?

6.DR/DOS is an acronym. What does it stand for?

Look back in the text and find words that have a similar meaning to:

1.nternational 5 buy

2.contested 6 first

3.errors 7 recommendation

4.paid for 8 improved

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following words: Competitor, evolution, attending, chief, translate, founder, Microsoft Word processor, programming language, partner, operating system.

Bill Gates.

William Hair/ Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1955.

He is an American business executive, chairman and ... executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation. Gates was fie ... of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul Allen, his ... in computer language development. While ... Harvard in 1975, Gates to go their with Allen developed aversion of the BASIC computer for the first personal computer. In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft's … from the developer of computer programming languages to a large computer software company. This transition began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the … for the new IBM Personal Computer in І981. Gates also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application software such as fie Much of Gates' success is based on his ability to … technical visions into market strategy. Although Gates has accumulated great wealth from his holdigs of Microsoft stock, he has been known as a tough … who seems to value winning in a competitive environment over money. Gates still continues to work personally in product development at Microsoft…

Read the passage about the structure of the processor and fill in the gaps using the following words: adaptor boards ; register; microprocessor; clock; conducive; buses; system board; accumulators; input or output devices.

Structure of the processor

The processor consists of a (1), which is circuit board on which are mounted (2) chips, memory drips, and other components linked together by (3) lines or channels in the form of control, address, and data (4). In addition, a processor has (5), which are electronic circuits providing specialized functions such as graphics, or which connect a system board to (6). The system board also consists of electronic devices, such as an electronic (7) for controlling 1he speed of operation; (8),which store numeric data during 1he course of processing and various (9), including sequence control register, address register, and function register.

Learn the terms to the text:

word processing — обробка тексту

telephone dialing —набір телефонною номера s

security —безпека;охорона

appliance — пристрій

maintenance — підтримка; збереження; експлуатація

application software — прикладні програми

to delete — видаляти; стирати;очищати пам'ять

to move paragraphs around — міняти абзаци місцями

accountant —бухгалтер

accounting —бухгалтерський облік

income tax — податок на прибутки

stock market forecasting —біржові прогнози

worksheet — електронна таблиця

scheduling — складання розкладу, графіка

computer-assisted instructions— комп'ютерні команди

to meet the demands —задовольняти потреби

record keeping —реєстрація; ведення записів

grading — оцінювання: класифікація

Read the text and speak on the spheres, where computers are used:

APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers have a tot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.

Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hobby. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure.

The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is almost endless, including; checking account management, budgeting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, telephone answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.

Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program, enables you іs corrector modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words. The letter or document can be stored on a diskette for future use.

Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular will persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modeling program most widely used by professionals. It can be used for scheduling, planning , and the examination of what if situations.

Educational. Personal computers are having aid will continue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to die design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of student and teacher.

Two important types of uses for personal computers in education are computer-managed instruction (CM), and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CM software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom- related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing, and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, computer literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations.

Answer the questions to the text:

1.What are the main spheres of PC application?

2.Do you enjoy computer games?

3.Is it necessary for a person to be an analyst or a programmer to play computer games?

4.What other home and hobby applications, except computer games, can you name?

5.What is "a word processing program"?

6.What possibilities can it give you ?

7.Can you correct mistakes while typing any material and how?

8.Whatother changes in the typed text canyon make using a display ?

9.Which professions are in great need of computers?

10. How can computers be used in education?

Find English equivalents:

Багато сфер застосування; обробка текстів; користуватися популярністю; здібності комп'ютера; безкінечний перепік; аналіз інвестицій; набір телефонного номеру; авто відповідач; ведення календаря; зберігання адреси і пошта; і так далі; прикладні програми; виправляти помилки в написанні; витирати речення; переставляти абзаци; бухгалтер; біржові брокери; консультант по податках: юристи; робітники освіта; управлінці; бухгалтерський облік; податі® на прибуток; комп'ютерне моделювання; електронні таблиці; складання розкладу; мага великий вплив; прокладати шлях; дати поштовх; задовольняти потреби; навчальна діяльність; комп'ютерна освіченість; моделювання реальних життєвих ситуацій.

Find in the texts:

a)words similar in meaning:

Verbs: to print; to produce; to convert; to keep; to found; to erase; to name; to change; to use; to start; to switch on; to supply; to give possibility; to involve.

Nouns: rate; analyst; possibilities; use; plays; control; post; profession; consultant; teacher; director; book-keeper; producer; amateur; device; error; storage; monitor; aim.

Adjectives: flexible; thrilling; main; little; general;

b)words opposite in meaning:

Verbs: to fin ish; to switch on; to take; to delete.

Nouns: online; input; work.

Adjectives: cheap; weak; common; general; large ;soft ;high ;easy .

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Make the sentences negative and interrogative:

1.I had been working on the program for a month by that time.

2. I have been. testing the version before you start the program.

3.He has been teaching programming at the institute since2000.

4.The programmer explained that he had been processing the information for the last two hours.

5.They said that the scientists had been making the analysis of the data for two days.

6.The operator has been regulating the equipment all day.

Open the brackets using the necessary tense form.

1. Electronic memories (to transfer) data for two hours.

2.Thestudents explained that they (to process) the information all day.

3.How experts (to prepare) the program?

4.Since when you (to solve) the problem ?

Translate the sentences into English.

1.Програміст встановлював програму протягом останнix двох днів.

2.Він опрацьовував дані весь час.

3.Вона пояснила , що її чоловік о працював дані вже три дні.

4.Вони сказали, що інженери випробовували ці прилади вже цілий місяць.

5.Скільки часу ви вже передаєте дані?

6.З якого часу ви працюєте тут?

What is the computer

Words necessary to comprehend the text:

characters - символи

data-дані

decision - рішення

device - прилад

instruction – команда

intelligence - розум

manner - манера, спосіб

microwave - мікрохвильова

procedures - процедури, операції

purpose - ціль

raw - неопрацьований

to come to life-оживати

to connect - з'єднувати

to convert - перетворювати

to create - створювати

to evaluate - оцінювати

to refer to as - називати що-небудь

to refine - очищувати

to respond - відповідати

transmission - передач a

various - різноманітні

Read and translate the text:

WHAT I S A COMPUTER?

The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:

• Hardware

• Software

• People

• Data/information

When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected - for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite - is an element of the total computer system.

Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, die hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.

The basic job of tie computer is the processing of information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a program and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and give them the results Тhe data is raw material white information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.

Answer the question to the text:

1.What does the term "computer¹"describe?

2.1s computer intelligent?

3.What are five components of computer system?

4.What is connectivity?

5.What is software? What's the difference between hardware and software?

6.Why people are the most important component it of a computer system?

7.In what way terms "data" and "information" differ'?

8.How does computer convert data into information?

Give Ukrainian equivalents and English explanations:

Computer, diskette, metal, processor, scanner, information, data, microphones, printer, modem, Internet.

Which of the listed above statements are true/ false. Specify your answer using the text.

1.Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to as electronic device.

2.Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded.

3.There are five elements of computer system: hardware, software, people, diskettes and data.

4.Themanner in which computers are connected is the connectivity.

5.With out software instructions hard ware doesn' t know what to do.

6.Thesoftware is the most important components because it is made by people.

7.Theuser inputs data into computer to get information as an output.

8.Computer is used to help people in decision making process.

Match the following:

a)program

b.)information

c)processing of information

d)software

e)connectivity

f)computer

g)people

1. …doesn't come to life until it is connected to other parts of a system.

2... is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task.

3... create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present

4. Information in the form of instructions is called a...

5. The manner in which the various individual systems are connected is...

6..... is organized, processed and useful for decision making

7. Thebasicjobofthecomputer is tie...

Read and discuss the text:

To your health

Can all this computing be good for you? Are there any unhealthy side effects? The computer seems harmless enough. How bad can it be, sitting in a padded chair in a climate- controlled office? Health questions have been raised by the people who sit all day in front of the video display terminals (VDTs) of their computers. Are computer users getting bad radiation? What about eyestrain? And what about the age-old back problem, updated with new concerns about workers who hold their hands over a keyboard? What about repetitive-action injury also known as carpal tunnel syndrome? What about the risk of miscarriage?

Unions and legislators in many communities continue to push for laws limiting exposure to video screens. Many manufacturers now offer screens with built-in protection.

Meanwhile, ere are a number of things workers can do to take care of themselves. A good place to begin is with an economically designed workstation. Ergonomics is the study of human factors related to computers. A properly designed workstation takes a variety of factors into account, such as the distance from the eyes to the screen and the angle of the arms and wrists.

Experts recommend these steps as coping media) isms:

•Turn the screen away from the window to reduce glare, and cover your screen with a glare deflector. Turn off overhead lights; illuminate your work are a with a lamp.

• Put your monitor on a tilt-and-swivel base.

•Get a pneumatically ad jus table chair. Position the seatback so your tower back is supported.

•Place the keyboard tow enough to avoid arm and wrist fatigue. Do not bend your wrists when you type. Use an inexpensive, raised wrist rest. Do not rest your wrists on a sharp edge.

•Sit with your feet firmly on the floor.

•Exercise at your desk occasionally rotating your wrist, rolling Your shoulders, and stretching. Better yet, get up and walk around at regular intervals.

Find the equivalents:

Шкідливі побічні ефекти, м'яке крісло, вентиляційне приміщення, електромагнітне випромінювання, радикуліт, втомленість рук і кісток, робоче місце, верхнє освітлення, враховувати (приймати в розрахунок), похила та крутяча підставка, зменшити освітлення, вбудований захист, пневматично регулююче крісло, крутити, підтягуватися, гострий край, регулярно.

COMPUTERS IN MY LIFE

Computer studies is a subject in many schools. Many young people have personal computers. Ninety-six per cent of them are males of all ages. All of them spend an average of twenty hours per week on home computers. The majority of the adults also use computers at work. About one in three hundred computer owners, so-called computer addicts, spends almost all his time using computers. All the computer addicts are very educated. They have been interested in science and technology from a very early age and they are usually very shy people who like being alone.

A survey in a school showed that fewer girls are interested in computers because girls are less likely to have a computer. Even if they have one, they use them less frequently than boys. Possibly it is because we think of computers as something to do with maths and science, which are traditionally "male" subjects. Possibly it is because most of the computer teachers are men, who give the girls less attention. Possibly parents think it is less important for girls to have computer skills.

Computer addicts love debugging, develop programs and love learning programming languages. They learnt to communicate with other users through computer networks and the people they met in school and work think of them as experts who could help and advise when they had problems with their machines. A few spend their time "hacking" and one addict left a message on a computer of Buckingham House. Very few computer addicts play computer games, but many people use a computer exclusively for games.

Some parents worry about computer games because they think their children won't be able to communicate with real people in the real world. But parents do not need to worry. According to research computer addicts usually do well after they have left school. Parents also do not need to worry that computer addiction will make their children become unfriendly and unable to communicate with people. It is not the computer that makes them shy. In fact, what they know about computers improves their social lives. They become experts and others come to them for help and advice.

For most children computer games are a craze. Like any other craze, such as skate­boarding, the craze is short-lived. It provides harmless fun and a chance to escape.

If we didn't have these computer addicts, we wouldn't have modern technology. They are the inventors of tomorrow.