Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням методичний комплекс для студентів оксім

Уклала: Процик М.М.

CONTENTS:

Професія програміста ........................................................................................3

The development of computer......................................................................7

Four generations of computers .................................................................10

Personal computing...............................................................................................11

What is the computer..........................................................................................16

Surfing the Net.................................................................................................... .....20

History and future of the Internet......................................................22

Internet I, II..................................................................................................................27

From the history of computer

COMPUTERS: THE SOFTWARE AND THE HARDWARE....................................31

Професія програміста

DOs and DON'Ts For Job Seekers

(Що ТРЕБА і що НЕ ТРЕБА робити в пошуках роботи)

• DO learn ahead of time about the company and its product. Do your homework.

• DO apply for a job in person.

• DO let as many people as possible know you are "job hunting."

• DO stress your qualification for the job opening.

• DO mention any experience you have which is relevant to the job.

• DO talk and think as far as possible about the future rather than the past.

• DO indicate, where possible, your stability, attendance record and good safety experience.

• DO assume an air of confidence.

• DO approach the employer with respectful dignity.

• DO try to be optimistic in your atti­tude.

• DO maintain your poise and self-control.

• DO try to overcome nervousness and shortness of breath.

• DO answer questions honestly.

• DO have a good resume.

• DO know the importance of getting along with people.

• DO recognize your limitations.

• DO make plenty of applications.

• DO indicate your flexibility and readiness to learn.

• DO be well-groomed and appropri­ately dressed.

• DON'T keep stressing your need for a job.

• DON'T discuss past experience which has no application to the job situation.

Learn the words and word combinations to the text.

Right choice- Правильний вибір

At your disposal -бути в твоєму розпорядженні

Noble - благородний

Trait [ trei ]- риса

Responsibility – відповідальність

Tolerance - терпимість, толерантність

Feature - риса

To my liking - мені подобається

Long-term dream - давня мрія

At least [ li:st ] – принаймні

To make up one's mind - вирішувати

To be of great demand- мати великий попит

To be devoted to one's cause - бути виданим справі

Read and translate the text and answer the question: "Why is it important to make the right choice of the profession?"

It is very important for everybody to make the right choice of profession. And it is no wonder because there are a lot of honourable professions at your disposal to obtain, for example, the profession of a teacher, a doctor, a computer- operator, an engineer, a journalist, etc. It is difficult for young people of seventeen to give a definite answer. I have known for a long time that leaving school is the beginning of my independent life, the beginning of a far more serious examination of my abilities and character.

As the years passed I changed my plans a lot of times about which University to enter or what field of industry to specialize in.

Some years ago I wanted to become a doctor. I considered this profession to be very noble and honourable, because I wanted to help people who had problems with their health. I admired die traits of character typical of doctors, such as kindness, great responsibility, honesty and tolerance. A person who is dishonest can't be a good doctor. I tried to do my best to develop only good features in myself.

But this year I've finally decided what to do. My parents and schoolteachers helped me to choose my future profession. I'd like to become a teacher as my parents are. This profess ion is to my liking though I understand that it is a difficult job, but I like people and my long-term dream is to bring up children. I think that's the main reason why teachers are deeply respected. But it is not an easy task to become a good teacher. You should perfectly know the subject you teach, you must be well-educated and well-informed. Nowadays the teachers are of great demand in our country and Ї hope to become a teacher devoted to this cause.

Find English equivalents in the text.

Зробити правильний вибір, не дивно, благородні професії, у вашому розпорядженні, дати чітку відповідь, початок незалежного життя, закінчення школи, змінити плани, вступати до університету , спеціалізуватись з чогось, благородний, риси характеру, робити усе можливе, нарешті вирішив, важка робота, виховувати та вчити дітей, давня мрія, мені подобається, добре освічений та інформований, мати великий попит, бути відданим справі.

Match the words with their meanings.

teacher	A person whose occupation is journalism
programmer	To care for and train
to bring up	A cherished hope, fantasy
journalist	A person who writes a program so that data may be processed by a computer
dream	A person whose occupation is teaching others

Find the word in the row formed from the first one and translate them.

Noble: nob, nobelium, nobility.

Honour: honorarium, honk, honourable.

Choice: choose, choir, choirboy.

Kind: kindle, kindling, kind less.

Responsible: responser, responsibility, responsive.

Honest: hone, honesty, honey.

Find synonyms to these words in the text

To decide, fantasy, to rear, feature, to think, to suppose, excellenty, work, get.

Find autonyms to these words in the text

Wrong, easy, finishing, entering, to graduate, honest, kindles, bad, short -term.

Answer the questions to the text

1.Is it important to make the right choice of profession?

2.Is it difficult or easy id make the right choice of profess ion for school leavers? Why?

3. What traits is it necessary to have to obtain a good job?

4. Did you change your plans about your future or not?

5.Do your plans for future coincide with those of your parents?

6. What is the noblest and the most difficult of professions?

Read the text and answer the question "Why are computer programmers necessary nowadays?"

THE PROFESSION OF A COMPUTER PROGRAMMER

When you leave school you understand that the time to choose your future occupation has come. It's not an easy task to decide what profession to choose. I have known for a long time that leaving school is the beginning of my independent life, the beginning of more serious examinations of my abilities and character.

I am interested in computer science and want to be a computer programmer. I have a computer at home and can spend hours working at it. It is a completely new world. Computers greatly simplify day-to-day life. It is much easier to do some things on the computer. It solves in seconds the problems generations of mathematicians would need months or years to solve.

I think that the profess ion of a programmer will give me many opportunities. Computing is the most rapidly changing sphere of a modern technology. We are living in the age of information. Today it's even hard to tell all the uses the computer may have in tie future. In our country they have been used just for a short time. But in England or in the US people can work, go shopping or communicate sitting at their computers.

Find English equivalents in the text.

Майбутнє заняття, нелегке завдання, обрати професію, здібності та характер, серйозне випробовування, цікавість, програмування, спрощувати щоденне життя, робити щось на комп'ютері, вирішувати проблеми за секунди, давати багато можливостей, швидка змінюватись, сучасні технології.

Answer the questions to the text.

1. Is it difficult or easy to choose your future occupation?

2.What is your choice?

3. Why do you think your job will give you many opportunities?

4. Do you know all the abilities of 1he computers?

5. Computing is the most rapidly changing sphere of a modern technology, isn't it?

Make up your own dialogues using the following words:

To make the right choice; honourable professions; at your disposal; the beginning if 1he independent life; a serious examination; to specialize in; to makeup one's mind; to be devoted to one's cause; a long-term dream.

Speak about your future plans.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

You have to put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.

1 ... (not/belong) to apolitical party.

2. Hurry! The bus ...(come). I ... (not/want) to miss it.

3. The River Nile ... (flow) into the Mediterranean.

4. The river ... (flow) very fast today -- much faster than usual.

5 (it/ever/snow) in India?

6.Weusually ... (grow) vegetables in our garden but this year we (not/grow) any.

7.- Can you drive? - No, but ! ... (learn). My father... (teach) me.

8. You can borrow my umbrella. I ... (not/need) it at the moment.

9 .(at a party) I usually ... (enjoy) parties but I ... (not/enjoy) this one very much.

10. George say she's 8O years old but I ..(not/believe) him.

11.Ron is in London at the moment. He ... (stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He usually ... (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he's in London.

In these sentences think about whether the situation is temporary or permanent.

12. My parents ... (live) in Bristol. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where ... (your parents/live)!

13 .She ... (stay) with ha^- sister at the moment until she finds somewhere to live.

14. - What... (your father/ do)? He's a teacher, but he ... (not/work) at the moment.

Put the verb into the most suitable form, present continuous or present simple.

1. We... (have) a party next Sunday. Would you like to come?

2.I ... (not/go) away for my holidays next month because I haven't got enough money.... (you/ go) away ?

3.The concert this evening ... (start) at 7.30.

4.George, is it true that you ... (get) married next week ?

5. The art exhibition ... (open) on 3 May and .... (finish) on 15 July.

6. What time ... (the next train / leave) ?

7.Ann,we ... (go) to town (you/come) with us?

All the sentences in this exercise are about the future. Put the verbs into the correct form: will/won't or the present simple ( I do ).

1. Before you ... (leave),don't forget to shut the windows.

2. I ...'(phone) you as soon as 1 ... (arrive) in London.

3.Please don 't touch any thing before the police ... (come).

4. Every one ... (be) very surprised if h e ... (pass) the exam.

5. When you ... (see) Brian again, you ... (not/recognise) him.

6.We... (not/start.) dinner until Jack ... (arrive).

7. ... (yon/be) lonely without me while I ... (be) away?

8. If I ... (need) any help, ! ... (ask) you.

9. Come on! Hurry up Ann ... (be) annoyed if we ... (be) sate.

Open the brackets using the necessary tense form of the verb: present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous.

1.Where you (to be) yesterday?- (to be) at home (he whole day.- How strange. I (to ring) you up at two o'clock, but nobody (to answer). - Oh, I (to be) in the garden. I (to read) your book and (not to hear) the telephone.

2.What you (to do) at foe o'clock yesterday? - I (to work) in the library.- (to be) there, too, but! (not to see) you,

3.Nina (to celebrate) her birthday yesterday. Her room looked beautiful, there (to be) mars' flowers in it. When (to come) in, somebody (to play) the piano, two or three pairs (to dance).

4.Listen! Somebody (to play) the piano.

5.I (to like) music very much.

6.When I (to took) out of the window, it (to rain) heavily and people (to hurry) along die streets.

7.What you (to do) at seven o'clock yesterday- I (to have) supper.

8.When I (to come) home yesterday, I (to see) that all my family (to sit) round the table. Father (to read) a letter from my uncle who (to live) in Kyiv.

9.Yesterday I (to work) at my English from five till seven.

10.It (to rain) the whole day yesterday.

11. Where your sister (to be) now ? - She (to be) in her room. She (to do) her homework.

The development of computer

Read and memorize the following words.

a tool [ tu:l ] - інструмент

technology - технологія, техніка

a screwdriver - викрутка

an invention - винахід

fossil - застарілий, допотопний

ancestor - предок

to evolve - розвиватись

manual dexterity - спритність рук

brute [ bru:t ] - гру бий, нерозумний

to inherit - наслідувати, у спадкову вати

to transmit - передавати

to preserve - зберігати

to distort - викривляти

abacus [ 'sbskas] - рахівниця

frame [ freim ] - схема, система, структура

to persist [ pa'sist]-наполягати, зберігатися

groove - виїмка

pebble - галька, бруковий камінь

(un) reliable - ( не) надійний

(in) sufficient - (не) достатній, (не) компетентний

decorative - декоративний

precision - точність, акуратність

loom - ткацький верстат

to weave [ wi:v ] - плести

virtue - доброчесність

to trace back - брати початок від ...

to come into widespread use- виходити у широке використання forerunner - попередник

Read and translate the text.

PREHISTORY

Tools are any objects other than the parts of our own bodies that we use to help us to do our work. Technology is nothing more than 1he use of tools. When you use a screwdriver, a hammer, or an axe, you are using techno logy just as when you use an automobile, a television set, or a computer.

We tend to think of techno logy as a human invention. [Jut the reverse is closer to the truth. Stone found along with fossils show that our ape-like ancestors were already putting techno logy to use. Anthropologists speculate that using tools may have helped these creatures evolve into human beings; in a tool-using society, manual dexterity and intelligence count for more than brute strength. The clever rather that an the strong inherited the earth.

Most of the tools we have invented have aided our bodies rather than our minds. These tools help us lift and move and cut and shape. Only quite recently, for the most part, have we developed tools to aid our minds as well.

The tools of communication, from pencil and paper to television, are designed to serve our minds. These devices transmit information or preserve it, but they do not modify it in any way (if the information is modified, this is considered a defect rafter than a virtue, as when a defective radio distorts die music we're trying to hear).

Our interest lies with machines that classify aid modify information rather than merely transmitting it or preserving it. The machines fiat do this are the computers and 1he calculators, the so-called mind tools. The widespread use of machines for information processing is a modern development. But simple examples of information-processing machines can be traced back to ancient times. The following are some of the more important forerunners of the computer.

The Abacus. The abacus is the counting frame that was the most widely used device for doing arithmetic in ancient times and whose use persisted into modern times in the Orient Early versions of the abacus consisted of aboard with grooves in which pebbles could slide. The Latin word for pebble is calculus, from which we get the words abacus and calculate.

Mechanical Calculators. In the seventeenth century, calculators more sophisticated than the abacus began to appear. Although a number of people contributed to their development, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician and philosopher) and Wilhelm von Leibniz (German mathematician, philosopher and diplomat) usually are singled out as pioneers. The calculators Pascal and Leibniz built were unreliable, since the mechanical technology of the time was not capable of manufacturing the parts with sufficient precision. As manufacturing techniques improved, mechanical calculators eventually were perfected; they were used widely until they were rep laced by electronic calculators in recent times.

The Jacquard Loom. Until modern times, most information-processing machines were designed to do arithmetic. An outstanding exception, however, was Jacquard's automated loom, a mach in e designed not for hard figures but beautiful patterns. A Jacquard's automated loom weaves cloth containing a decorative pattern; the woven pattern is controlled by punched cads changes the pattern the loom weaves. Jacquard looms came into widespread use in the carry nineteenth century, and their descendants are still used today. The Jacquard loom is the ancestor not only of modern automated machine tools but of the player piano as well.

True or false?

• The strong will inherit fie earth.

• In the beginning was the abacus.

• The forerunner of the computer is the mechanical calculator.

• The pun died card is still very important for computers today.

• The calculators Pascal and Leibniz built were reliable.

• The mechanical calculator could multiply and divide as well as acid and abstract.

• Babbage invented the Jacquard loom.

• "Beware of programmers who carry screwdrivers". (L. Brandwein)

Find English equivalents in the text.

Використовувати інструменти; технологія використання; використовувати викрутку, молоток; людський винахід; кам'яні інструменти: мавпоподібні предки; перетворювати в людські істоти; спритність рук; суспільство, яке користується інструментами; груба сила; успадкувати землю; допомагати тілу;піднімати, рухати, різати та виготовляти ( надавати форму );передавати інформацію; зберігати інформацію; коректувати інформацію, брати початок від давніх часів; попередники комп'ютера; рахівниця; прилад, який широко застосовують; зберігаюся в сучасні часи; перші версії; дошка з виїмками; робити внесок в розвиток; ненадійний; достатня точність; автоматизований ткацький верстат; плести одяг; починати широке використання.

Give synonyms to:

To aid, strength, to speculate, nothing more than, to lift, ancestors, to manufacture, to single out precision, to perfect, in recent times, pattern, to develop, information- processing machine.

Give antonyms to:

Descendants, automated machine, virtue, intelligence, to transmit, reliable, sufficient, in the early 19^th century, in modern times.

Fill in the blanks with the necessary words: abacus, took, traces back, ancestor, precision, grooves, abacus, technology, ancient, pebbles, lift, loom, contributed, move, invented, unreliable, cut, came into widespread use, preserve, shape, transmit, the so-called mind tools.

1.We use … to help us to do our work.

2.The use of tools is nothing more than … .

3.People … most of the tools.

4.The tools help people … , …. , … ,and … .

5.The tools of communication … and … information.

6. … are the computers and calculators.

7.The appearance of information-processing machines … to ancient times.

8.The … was a device used for arithmetic in … times.

9.A board with … in which … could slide is an early version of the … .

10.Blaise Pascal and Wilhelm von Leibniz … to the development of calculators.

11 The first calculators were … .

12Jn the first calculators the parts weren't manufactured with sufficient … .

13 Jacquard's automated … was designee! for beautiful patterns.

14.Jacquard looms … in the early 19^th century.

15.Ttie Jacquard loom is the … not only of modern automated machine tools but of the player piano as well.

Speak оn the following:

1.What are tools?

2.What was the first tool?

3.What helped ape-like creatures evolve into human beings?

4.What is tech no logy ?

5.What of communication do you know?

6.What machines classify and modify information?

7. What do you know about Babbage, Pascal, Leibniz, and Jacquard?

Four generations of computers

Read, translate and retell the text.

FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first generation computers, and the approximate period of their use was from 1950 to 1959. UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer) is an example of these computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second. Those devices were not only bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently.

The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1948. So-called second generation computers, which used large numbers of transistors were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microseconds, or millionth of seconds. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more reliable ft an first-generation computers.

Advances in electronics techno logy continued, and microelectronics made it possible to reduce the size of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit elements into very small chips of silicon. The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit technology were called third generation computers, and the approximate time span of these machines was from 1960 to 1979. They could perform many data processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds.

Fourth generation computers have now arrived, and The integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 100 tiny circuits are placed now on a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 , upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which tie circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal.

Finish the sentences.

1.The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as ...

2.The period of their use was ...

3.An example of the computers of the 1^st generation is ...

4.The computers of the 1^s1 generation were unreliable because ...

5.In 1948 ...

6. Тhe 2^nd generation computers used ...

7.Advances in electronics and ò³ñòî electronics made it possible to ...

8.The third generation computers could ,...

9.Due to microminiaturization the integrated circuits ....

10.Microminiaturization means...

11.A chip is ...

Answer the questions to the text.

1.When was tile approximate period of the use of fie l^sl generation computers?

2.Wh at disadvantage did the 1^st vacuum tubes computers have?

3.Whatwas the successor to the vacuum tube?

4.What did so-called 2^nd generation computers use? What were they able to do?

5.Whatdid advances in electronics and microelectronics make possible?

6.What could the3^rdgenera.tion computers perform?

7.Howdid the 4^th generation computers differ from other generations?

8.What is a chip?

9.What does microminiaturization mean?

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Make the sentences negative and interrogative.

• My friend has used ail abacus since childhood.

• We have already designed anew circuit to ft is device.

• He had preserved the information before we entered the room.

• By 7 o'clock she had invented anew device.

• He will have transmitted the data by the end of the week.

• The students will have processed the information by the time She lecturer comes.

• They would have prepared the computers if they had had time.

Open the brackets using the necessary tense form of the verb.

1.This year we (to invent) many new tools.

2.Hardly they (to transmit) information, the phone call was heard.

3.Those people never (to use) abacus.

4.He just (to design) a new circuit.

5.People (to design) new computers by 1979.

6.No sooner the 3^rd generation computes (to come) into widespread use than the 4^th generation appeared.

Translate into English.

1. З давніх часів люди користувалися інструментами.

2.Як тільки він передав потрібну інформацію, його вбили.

3.Ти коли-небудь користувався рахівницею?

4.Я повернусь до 6 години та сподіваюсь, що ти вже збережеш усі дані в комп'ютер і до того часу.

5.Ми вже опрацювали усі дані, коли ви повернулись.

6.Ледве з'явились комп'ютери другого покоління, як вдалось зменшите розміри транзисторів та з'явилось 3 покоління.

8.Я щойно взнав, що існувало 4 покоління комп'ютерів.

Personal computing

Read, translate the text and decide on a suitable title for it:

In 1952, a major computing company took a decision to get out of the business of marking mainframe computers. They believed that there was only a market for four mainframes in the whole world. That company was IBM. The following year they reversed their decision.

In 1980, IBM decided that there was a market for 250 000 PCs, so they set up a special team to develop the first IBM PC. It went on sale in 1981 and set a world-wide standard for IBM compatibility which over the next ten years, was only seriously challenged by one other company, Apple Computers. Since then, ova^- seventy million PCs made by IBM and other manufacturers have been sold. Over Ibis period, PCs have become commodity items. Since IBM made the design nonproprietary, anyone can make them.

The history of the multi-billion dollar PC industry has been one of mistakes. Xerox Corporation funded the initial research on personal computers in their Palo Alto laboratory in California. However, the company failed to capitalize on this work, and the ideas that they part together went into the operating system developed for Apple's computers. This was a graphical interface: using a mouse, the user clicks on icons, which represent the function to be performed.

The first IBM PC was developed using existing available electrical components. With IBM's badge on the box it became the standard machine for large corporations to purchase. When IBM were looking for an operating system, they went initially to Digital Research, who were market leaders in command- based operation systems (these are operation systems in which the users type in commands to perform a function). When the collaboration between IBM and Digital Research failed, IBM turned to Bill Gates, then 25 years old, to write their operating system. Bill Gates founded Microsoft on the basis of the development of MS DOS, the initial operating system for the IBM PC. Digital Research have continued to develop their operating system, DR DOS, and it is considered by many people to be a better product than Microsoft's. However, without an endorsement from IBM, it has become a minor player in the market. Novell, the leaders in PC networking, now own Digital Research, so things may change.

The ordinal IBM PC had minimum of 16 K of memory, but this could be upgraded to 42. K if necessary, and ran with a processor speed of 4.77 MHz. Ten years later, in 1991, IBM were making PCs with 16 Mb of memory, expandable to 60 Mb, running with a processor speed of 33 MHz. The cost of buying the hardware has become down considerably as tic machines have become commodity items. Large companies are considering running major of applications on PCs, something which, ten years ago, no one would have believed possible of a PC. In contrast, many computers in people's homes are just used to play computer games.

The widespread availability of computers has in all probability changed the world for ever. The microchip tech no fogy which made the PC possible has put chip snot only into computers, but also into washing-machines and cars. Some books may never be published in paper form but may only be made available as part of pub lie databases. Networks of computers are already being used to make information available on a world-wide scale.