3 Choose the correct item.

0 "What's in all the boxes?"

"Some extra refreshments ......... we run out."

A) in case C so that

B to prevent D for fear

1 "Did you go around to see Janet's newborn son?" "I had the flu so I didn't go for fear ......... infecting

the baby."

A for C that

B of D lest

2 "Why is everyone so busy?"

"They're tidying the show room in case the managing director ......... in."

A drops C will drop

B dropped D would drop

3 "Why didn't you go to the party on Saturday night?" "I wanted to avoid ......... Josh."

A see C seeing

B that I see D to see

4 "The baby's not screaming any more."

"He's teething and I gave him an aspirin so that he ......... down."

A are calming C should calm

B would calm D calmed

5 "What are you doing over the summer?"

"I've got a temporary job ......... I can save some

money."

A so that C so as to

B in case D in order

6 "I'm not sure what to say to Paul."

"You could always tell a white lie to ......... hurting his

feelings."

A avoid C prevent

B prevent from D avoid to

7 "What's the use of this object?"

"It's a device ......... screwing bolts into nuts."

A of C so that

B for D so as to

STRUCTURAL CONUERSION

1 He put on a mask to avoid being recognised by his wife.

He put on a mask to prevent his wife (from) recognising him

He put on a mask for fear his wife might recognise him. .

He put on a mask so that his wife wouldn't recognise him.

2 I didn’t go out because I didn’t want to catch old.

I didn't go out so that I wouldn’t catch cold,

I didn't go out to avoid catching cold.

I didn't go out in case I caught/should catch cold

3 I'd better wait because it's possible he 'II come back.

He put on a mask in case his wife recognised/should I'd better wait in case he comes back,

recognise him.

4 I daren't make a noise because John might hear me.

He put on a mask because he didn't want his wife to I daren't make a noise for fear (that) John might/should

recognise him hear me.

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13d Grammar: Clauses

•4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

1. They tied the dog up for fear it might escape. case

The ........................................................................................................................ escaped.

2. We didn't phone you in case we woke you up. so

We didn't ................................................................................................................. you up.

3. She opened the door quietly because she didn't want to wake the baby. to

She ........................................................................................................................ the baby.

4. He did the exercise carefully because he didn't want to have to do it again. as

He did .................................................................................................................. to redo it.

5. They were reluctant to announce the news because they didn't want to worry the public. fear

They were reluctant to announce ............................................................................. the public.

6. He hid the package in case his mother found it. from

He hid the package ............................................................................................................ it.

7. He turned down the music for fear of upsetting the neighbours. would

So ................................................................................................. he turned down the music.

8. She carried an umbrella so she wouldn't be wet. getting

She carried an umbrella .................................................................................................. wet.

CLAUSES OF RESULT

Clauses of Result are introduced with such (a) ... that, so ... that, so ... as to, (and) so, and are used as follows:

Would you be so kind as to open the door for me?

They missed the last train, (and) so they had to walk home.

such a(n) + adjective + singular countable noun

It was such a thrilling novel that I couldn't put it down.

such + adjective + uncountable or plural noun

He played such moving music that many people in the audience felt close to tears.

such + a lot of + noun

There was such a lot of noise that the children couldn't hear what the teacher was saying.

so + adjective/adverb

We were so pleased with their present that we rang them immediately.

so + much/many/little/few + noun

We had so little time that we didn't manage to visit all our friends.

so + adjective + a(n) + singular noun (not usual)

So beautiful a girl was she that the prince fell in love with her at first sight.

Note:

Clauses of Result follow the rule of the sequence of tenses.

He is so tall that he can reach the fop shelf.

She was such a good actress that everyone admired her.

252

13a Grammar: Clauses

STRUCTURAL CONVERSION

1 The trousers were so fight that he couldn't put them on.

The trousers were too tight for him to put on. So tight were the trousers that he couldn't put them on. 2 The snow was so deep that they couldn't leave the house.

It was such deep snow that they couldn't leave the house. So deep was the snow that they couldn't leave the house. 3 The exercise was so hard that I couldn't do it. It was such a hard exercise that I couldn't do it. The exercise was too hard for me to do. .

4 It was such an expensive dress that I couldn't buy it. So

The dress was too expensive for me to buy. The dress wasn't cheap enough for me to buy.

5 He was so tired that he couldn't work any more.

So tired was he that he couldn't work any more.

He was too tired to work any more.

6 His fear was such that he a/most fainted.

He was so afraid that he almost fainted.

Such was his fear that he almost fainted.

7 There was so much dirt in the room that she couldn't clean it.

The room was so dirty that she couldn't clean it

It was such a dirty room that she couldn't clean it.

dirty was the room that she couldn't clean it.

5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

1 The day was so beautiful that we went for a walk. such

It ............................................................................................................. we went for a walk.

2. It was such an impressive painting that I had an irresistible urge to buy it. So

It .......................................................................................... I had an irresistible urge to buy it.

2. He ate so many chocolates that he felt sick. lot

He ........................................................................................................................ he felt sick.

2. The weather was so nice that we were able to sit outside. pleasant

It ................................................................................................... we were able to sit outside.

2. It was such a beautiful cake that she didn't want to cut it. reluctant

The ........................................................................................................................... to cut it.

2. She considered climbing the stairs, but decided she was too tired. exhausted

She ......................................................................................... not to climb the stairs.

2. Genetic scientists are advanced enough to artificially produce even endangered species like elephants and tigers. clone

Genetic scientists are so ......................................................................................... endangered species like elephants and tigers.

2. The house is considered to be too small for the family to live in. expected

The family ......................................................................................................... a small house.

2. Her dog was too badly behaved for her to control. disobedient

Her dog ................................................................................................... couldn't control him.

2. The water was too shallow for us to swim in. enough

The water was ....................................................................................................... to swim in.

2. He was too lazy to answer the door. bothered

He ........................................................................................................................... the door.

2. David was so enthusiastic about the proposal that he accepted immediately. was

Such ........................................................................................... that he accepted immediately.

253

Clauses of Concession are introduced with: as, although, though, even though, even so, even if, while, whereas, much as*, in spite of, despite, nevertheless, but, however, yet, still, for all.

* used with verbs such as (dis)like, admire, enjoy, etc

Clauses of Concession follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. Much as I like her, I disapprove of her teaching methods. Sensible as/though he usually is, he has acted foolishly in this case. Even though he studied, he failed his tests.

• in spite of/despite + noun/gerund/the fact that + clause

In spite of/Despite her ill health, she still takes care of the house and children. In spite of/Despite being ill, she went to work.

• however/no matter how + adjective/adverb + subject + may + verb No matter how hard I try, I can never solve crosswords. However hard he may fry, he won't succeed.

• whatever/no matter what + clause

No matter what the time is, ring me when you arrive at the station.

• even if + should + infinitive (unlikely to happen) Even if it should rain, I'm still going swimming.

• adjective/adverb + though + subject + (may) verb Rich though he is/may be, he is not happy. Late though he stayed, he didn't finish the work.

• adjective/adverb + as + subject + verb

Tall as he is, he couldn't reach the branch of the free. Fast as he ran, he didn't catch the bus.

• infinitive form + as + subject + may/might

Try as you may/might, you won't solve the riddle.

• for all + noun

For all their poverty, they managed to live happily.

6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

1 Even if she comes late, ring me when she arrives. how

Give me a ring when ............................................................................................... late she is.

2 Talented though he is, he can't find a job. fact

He can't ............................................................................................................ he's talented.

4. In spite of the train strike, she still managed to ge~ to work on time. succeeded

She ...................................................................................................... there was a train strike.

5. Whatever you say in protest, you can do nothing tc change the situation. much

You cannot ........................................................................................................... you protest

6. Although it's cold at night, it's warm in the daytime. nights

Cold ......................................................................................................... the days are warm.

7. Even though she has rich parents, she has little money herself. having

She has ...................................................................................................................... parents.

8. Despite the fact that he's never been to China, he loves Chinese food. even

He loves ................................................................................................. never been to China.

CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR