Простые и десятичные дроби, проценты, номера телефонов

1. В простых дробях числитель выражается количественным числительным, а знаменатель - порядковым:

□ 1/3 —one third

— Когда числитель больше единицы, знаменатель принимает окончание множественного числа -s:

□ 2/3 — two thirds

— Существительное, к которому относится смешанное число, употребляетс□ 2 1/2 kilometres читается: two and a half kilometres

2. В десятичных дробях целое число отделяется от дроби точкой, которая читается point (в отличие от русского языка, где целое число отделяется запятой).

3. Проценты обозначаются: 2 % - two per cent.

2. Каждая цифра номера телефона произносится отдельно: 4-36-08 - four three six 0 eight. Цифра 0 читается как алфавитное название буквы о [оu].

В США нуль пишется zero.

Урок 7

Раздел 2. Geological Sciences (Геологические науки)

1. Palaeontology Stratigraphy is the science which deals with the reconstruction of faunas and floras, microstructural and chemical analyses of fossils, colonization of land by plants and animals, prehistoric man and traces of his activity, palaeoclimate and glaciation.

2. Sedimentology. Marine Geology is the science which deals with the transportation and accumulation of sediments, formation of sediments in oceans and seas, types of deposits in different structural and dynamic zones of oceans, lithological indicators of climate.

3. Tectonics is the science which deals with the principles of tectonic zonation of continents, continental and oceanic rift systems, identification of active zones, mathematical models of tectonic processes, combination of geological geophysical data.

4. Geophysics is the science which deals with the formation of magma and mechanism of magmatic and volcanic activity, seismic zonation, methods of prediction of seismic activity, modelling and interpretation of geological data by geophysical methods.

5. Petrology is the science which deals with minerology of magmatic and metamorphic rocks, continental rock formation, role of magma in the formation of continental rocks and comparative characteristics of oceanic and continental rock formations.

6. Mineralogy is the science which deals with the minerals as indicators of conditions of their formation, comparative study of minerals, crystal structure of minerals, physical properties of minerals at high pressures and temperatures.

7. Geochemistry is the science which deals with the geochemical cycles and the distribution of elements, physico-chemical analysis and observation of geological processes, theoretical and experimental study based on isotop data, origin and evolution of Solar System

8. Oil and Gas Geology is the science which deals with the identification of oil-gas regions, formation of major oil-gas accumulation zones, oil and gas potential of submarine zones, statistical prediction of oil-gas accumulation.

9. Hydrogeology is the science which deals with the origin of underground water, control of underground water regime, interaction of components in natural and artificial water systems, processes in the formation of water resources.

10. Engineering Geology is the science which deals with the engineering and economic activity of Man, study of catastrophic geological processes and phenomena, the physical and chemical properties of soil in permafrost zones, application of computersto engineering geology.

11. Ecology is the science which deals with monitoring of ground water composition as the basis of ecosystem protection, optimum ground water utilization, rational use and protection of the geological environment, construction of the theoretical system “Man—Geological Environment”.

Способы словообразование (Word formation)

Prefixes / Префиксы
Префиксы	Значение	Пример
co- вместе, с-(со-) co-exist-(со)существовать contra- против contradict- противоречить dis- отсутствие чего-то disorder- беспорядок ex- бывший exminister- бывший министр mis- неправильный mistake- ошибка non- не- nonexistent- несуществующий pre- пред-, до- prewar- довоенный re- снова (обратно) reread- перечитать sub- под- subway- подземка un- не- unimportant- неважный uni- один uniform- униформа in- не- indirect- косвенный il- не- illogical- нелогичный ir- не- irregular- нерегулярный im- не- impossible- невозможный over- пере- overwork- перетрудиться under- недо- underpay- недоплатить

Suffixes / Суффиксы
Суффиксы	Значение	Пример
Суффиксы существительных - ance important importance - важность -dom free freedom - свобода -er, -or paint painter - художник - ess (жен.) act actress - актриса - hood child childhood - детство - ist physics physicist - физик -ment develop development - развитие -ness full fullness- полнота -ship member membership- членство Суффиксы прилагательных - able change changeable- изменчивый -al music musical- музыкальный -ful use useful- полезный -ish child childish- детский -less harm harmless- безвредный -y cloud cloudy- облачный Суффиксы наречий -ly happy happily- счастливо -ward back backward – назад Суффиксы глаголов -en deaf deafen- глохнуть -ify simple simplify- упрощать -ize symbol symbolize- символизировать

Урок 8

Kanysh Imantayevich Satpayev

Kanysh Imantayevich Satpayev was one of the greatest scientists in geology of Kazakhstan. His research work led to a discovery of the richest natural resources in Kazakhstan. For many years he was the President of the Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium.

Kanysh Satpayev was born on April 12, 1899 in . As a little boy he studied Arabic and Persian, and learnt by heart poems by Khafis, Saadi and Navoi. Kanysh’s mother died when the boy was only 4 years old.

Satpayev first studied at Mullah Zhymash’s yurt. Later he attended a two-year village school, the Pavlodar Russian-Kirgiz School, and the Semipalatinsk Seminary. After the graduation from the Seminary in 1918, he became a village teacher and a judge.

In 1926 K.I. Satpayev, a young engineer-geologist arrived in the Karsakpay settlement. The first non-ferrous metallurgical operation of the Republic, Karsakpay Copper-Smelting Plant, was built here. Satpayev headed the geological exploration department on the Zhezkazgan copper deposit for 15 years (1926-1941).

. He was also involved in the exploration of iron ores in Atasu and Karsakpay, iron and manganese ores in Naizatas and Zhezdy, coal in Baikonur and many other ore bearing and non-ore deposits.

When the war began he was transfered to Alma-Ata. In summer 1941 he was appointed the Director of the Institute of Geological Sciences. Satpayev took an active part in the work of the commission for the mobilization of Kazakhstan, Ural and Siberian resources to support the front.

K.I. Satpayev became the first president of the young Academy and the leader of Kazakhstan science. This has been achieved due to his bright mind, his great memory of facts, his accurate discipline, his thirst for knowledge not only in geology but in all the fields of science and culture.

learnt by heart poems – учил наизусть стихи

arrived in the Karsakpay settlement –прибыл в поселение Карсакпай

Copper-Smelting Plant – медеплавильный завод

was involved in – его включили

manganese ores – марганцевые руды

was transfered to – его перевели в

was appointed – был назначен

has been achieved due to – было достигнуто благодаря

bright mind – яркий ум

great memory of facts – большая память фактов

his thirst for knowledge – его жажда к знаниям

A.M. Terpigorev (1873—1959)

Academician A.M. Terpigorev is a well-known mining engineer. He was born in 1873 in Tambov. In 1872 he finished school with honours and decided to get a higher education. He chose the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg, passed all the entrance examinations successfully and became a student of the Mining Institute.

At the Institute he studied the full range of subjects relating to metallurgy, mining and mining mechanics.

At that time students’ specialization was based on descriptive courses amd elementary practical training. One of the best lecturers was A.P. Karpinsky. His lectures on historical geology were very popular.

During his practical training Terpigorev visited mines and saw that the miners’ work was very difficult. While he was working in the Donbas he collected material for his graduation paper which he soon defended. The Mining of flat seams in the Donbas was carefully studied and described in it.

In 1897 Terpigorev graduated from the Institute with a first-class diploma of a mining engineer. His first job as a mining was at the Sulin mines where he worked for more than three years first as Assistant Manager and later as Manager. From 1900 till 1922 Terpigorev worked at the Yekaterinoslav Mining Institute (now the Mining Institute in Dnepropetrovsk).

In 1922 he accepted an order to take charge of the mining chair at the Moscow Mining Academy and moved to Moscow. From 1930 he headed the chairs of Mining Transport and Mining of Bedded Deposits at the Moscow Mining Institute.

to finish school with honours – окончить школу с отличием

to pass all the entrance examinations successfully—успешно сдать вступительные экзамены

the full range of subjects relating to—широкий спектр дисциплин, относящихся к

to defend graduation paper – защищать дипломную работу

flat seams—горизонтальный, пологопадающий пласт

to take charge – руководить, осуществлять контроль

to head the chairs – возглавить кафедру

fire damp – рудничный газ, метан

A.P. Karpinsky (1847—1936)

A.P. Karpinsky was a prominent Russian scientist who laid the foundation of the Russian school of geology and mining. One of the greatest Russian geologists, he was a member and for some time President of the Academy of Sciences of the former USSR and a member of several Academies abroad. The Geological Society of London elected him a foreign member in 1901. His greatest contribution to geology was a new detailed geological map of the European part of Russia and the Urals.

For many years he headed the Russian Geological Committee the staff of which was made up of his pupils. He was one of those geologists who embraced the whole of geological science. He created the new stratigraphy of Russia. He studied the geological systems in various regions of the country and was the first to establish the regularity of the Earth’s crust movement. His paleontological studies are of no less importance, especially those on palaeozoic ammonoids.

He also took an interest in deposits of useful minerals and gave a classification of volcanic rocks. He studied some ore and platinum deposits and may be considered the founder of practical geology of the Urals. He was the first Russian scientist who introduced microscope in the study of petrographic slides.

Karpinsky was a prominent scientist, an excellent man and citizen. He was one of the best lecturers at the Mining Institute in his time. He was also one of the greatest Russian scientists who later became the first elected President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Students were attracted to him not only because he was a great scientist but also because of his charming personality and gentle manner.

Every geologist and every geology student knows very well Karpinsky’s most significant work An Outline of the Physical and Geographical Conditions in European Russia in Past Geological Period

CONTINUOUS TENSES