4. Ask and reply:

What examinations have you taken so far (recently)? What results?

1. At (14) I sat for ... in ... at ...

2. At (18) I passed the ...

3. Then I sat for ...

4. At the end of the first (second) year of my studies at ... I took ...

5. At the end of my studies I ...

6. In 1980 I presented my dissertation on . . . and got my doctorate (PhD) in ...

5. Choose one appropriate word from the given below to complete each blank space.

Parents / kindergarten / workforce / resident / range / open / choice / tax / tuition university / five / send / funding / still / higher

Education in the United States

In the United States, education is a state, not federal, responsibility, and the laws

and standards vary considerably. In most states, all students must attend mandatory schooling starting with ………1………., which children normally enter at age ………2……….., and following through 12th grade. ………3……….. may educate their own children at home, ………4……….. their children to a public school, which is funded with …………5…….. money, or a private school, where parents must pay …………6……...

After high school, students have a ………7……….. of attending either a public/state ………8……….., a private university, entering the ………9……….., or enlisting in the military. Public universities receive ………10……….. from the federal and state government but students ………11……….. pay tuition, which can vary depending on the universities, state, and whether the student is a ………12……….. of the state or not.

Tuition at private universities tends to be much ………13……….. than at public universities. American colleges and universities ………14……….. from highly competitive schools, both private (such as Harvard University, Columbia University, and Princeton University) and public (such as the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Virginia), to hundreds of local community colleges with ………15………. admission policies.

6. Study the selected university degrees and use them in sentences of your own

In Britain

BA = Bachelor of Arts (3 years) PhD = Doctor of Philosophy

BSc = Bachelor of Science LLB = Bachelor of Laws

MA = Master of Arts (4-5 years) LLD = Doctor of Laws

MSc = Master of Science MD = Doctor of Medicine

In the USA

A.B., B.A. = Bachelor of Arts (after four years at college)

B.S. = Bachelor of Science

B. Ag. = Bachelor of Agriculture

B.F.A. = Bachelor of Fine Arts

B.Ch.E. = Bachelor of Chemical Engineering

B.J. = Bachelor of Journalism

B.Arch. = Bachelor of Architecture

B.L.S. = Bachelor of Library Science

M.A. = Master of Arts (after two years at university — thesis)

M.S. = Master of Science

Ph.D. = Doctor of Philosophy (after four years at university — dis­sertation)

Sc.D = Doctor of Science (usually honorary)

Discuss the given degrees, using the following phrases:

What course of studies is it necessary to take for a ... degree?

What degree are you studying for?

What degree have you already received?

What does B.J. stand for?

Higher educational establishments

University The University of London, Bath University of Technology, Harvard, Yale, Stanford

College College of Art (Music, Architecture), Veterinary College, College of Agriculture

School The London School of Economics, School of Applied Art, School

of Slavonic (Oriental) Studies, School of Librarianship and Archives, School of Pharmacy, Hospital Medical School

GRAMMAR SECTION

Grammar Practice

Rewrite the sentences in passive:

1. I woke up late on Sunday morning.

2. Simon is moving house next month.

3. Who broke this mug?

4. The teacher will mark the essays.

5. Do they sell clothes in this shop?

6. Sue asked the waiter to bring some water.

7. Sandra walks on the beach regularly.

8. David asked for some help.

9. They heard him calling for help.

10. People make jam from fruit.

11. They will open the new sports centre soon.

… active

1. The painting has been valued by an expert.

2. He likes being given presents.

3. Her wedding dress will be made by a designer in Paris.

1. Paul drives to work every day.

2. Her mother woke her up at 7 o’clock.

3. Michael moved the boxes out of the way.

4. People spend a lot of money on food.

5. They send for the doctor.

6. Who has made this mess?

WRITING

CVs and Bio-data

In Anglo-American academic culture, biographical information is traditionally presented as a curriculum vitae (CV) or a brief bio-data statement

The Curriculum Vitae (CV)

A curriculum vitae (CV) (Ukr. життєпис, автобіографія, резюме) is an account of one's education and career. CVs are usually submitted when applying for an academic position or fellowship. A CV may be rather detailed and long, but, in contrast to a narrative autobiography, it usually follows a certain format and should be typewritten. A typical academic CV includes the following information (presented under appropriate subheadings):

• first and last names;

• work and home addresses;

• education (only higher education with appropriate degrees obtained);

• work experience;

• awards/scholarships/grants;

• publications (provided with full bibliographic information);

• conference presentations/abstracts (with presentation titles and dates of conferences);

• memberships of professional societies;

• knowledge of languages.

A CV may also include a brief description of some professional skills. Information in CVs is usually presented in reverse chronological order that is beginning with the latest dates. CVs often use reduced phrases (instead of full sentences) with omitted linguistic elements, such as first person pronouns, auxiliary verbs, and certain prepositional phrases. For example:

I conducted laboratory experiments. —> Conducted laboratory experiments.

Or: I am fluent in German. —> Fluent in German.

The most important CV writing errors that should be avoided are as follows:

1. Poorly organized—hard to understand or requires too much interpretation.

2. Poorly designed format and an unattractive appearance (poorly typed, printed on poor quality paper, handwritten corrections, coffee or tea stains, etc.).

3. Misspellings, bad grammar, poor punctuation.

4. Includes personal information, such as marital status or health condition.

5. Lacks sufficient contact information (e.g., a telephone or fax number).

6. Includes "red flag" (a warning signal, something attracting irritated attention) information such as being fired.

7. Dishonest.

When writing CVs as the parts of applications for international academic programs, Ukrainian students and scholars may also face some specific problems. Since the system of education and degrees in Ukraine significantly differs from that of the English-speaking countries, it is not easy, for example, to present in a CV the Ukrainian diploma of higher education or the scholarly Kandydat Nauk or Doktor Nauk degrees. In some cases (when applying for studies/fellowship at a foreign university), it is important to provide clarifications: to explain, for instance, that the diploma of higher education is higher than the Bachelors degree, the Kandydat Nauk is roughly equivalent to the Ph.D. ("Doctor of Philosophy") degree, and the Doktor Nauk is the highest Ukrainian postdoctoral degree. However, when applying via special academic exchange programs targeted at Ukrainian students and scholars (like the W. Fulbright Program, for example), it is sufficient (and sometimes even necessary) to provide the Ukrainian names of diplomas, degrees, or programs/courses in English transliteration. In any case, however, it is not possible to give a definite and exhaustive advice. Below is a sample CV of a graduate student (Ukr. аспірант).

Sample CV CURRICULUM VITAE