Install, tall, wall, instalment,

appal,  bald, scald, chalk stalk, talk,

altar,  alter, (alternate, alternative), falter, halt, salt;

     poultry.

Brawn,  dawn,  drawn,  fawn,  lawn,  pawn,  prawn,  sawn,  spawn,  yawn.

     Caught, daughter, haughty, naughty, slaughter, taught.

     Bought, brought, fought, nought, ought, sought, thought.

Broad.

     Walnut, walrus, waltz; water.

War/wore, warble, ward (award, reward), wardrobe, warm, warn/worn, warp, wart, dwarf.

–ay /-ey /-eigh - (say, they, weigh) - (30 –ay, 19 others):

       Bay, bray, clay,

day (Monday – Sunday, midday, today, yesterday),

fray, gay, hay, lay, may, okay, pay, play, pray, ray, say, slay, spray, stay, stray, sway, tray;

array, astray, away, betray, decay, delay, dismay, display.

They, grey, hey, convey, obey, survey.

   Neigh,  sleigh,   way/whey/weigh.

Ballet, beret, bouquet, buffet, duvet, chalet, crochet.

   Café, matinée.

B - (bib, bob) – no exceptions, but sometimes silent

      (bomb, crumb, dumb, lamb, limb, numb, thumb, succumb,

      debt, doubt, subtle)

or put to other use

      (climb [clime], tomb [toom], womb [woom]).

- bb- / -b- - (bobbin – robin) - unpredictable.

                    See Doubled Consonants.

Ca-, co-, cu- - (cat, cot, cut) - with 19 exceptions:

Chameleon, chaos, character, chasm, mechanical;

kaleidoscope, kangaroo, karate, kayak, skate;

Anchor, cholesterol, chorus, psychological, school;

Bouquet[bookay], quoit, turquoise;  queue [cue].

-cc- / -c- / -ck - (occupy – document - rocket) - unpredictable.

                         See Doubled Consonants.

cl-,  cr-... - (clip, crib, picnic, doctor) –

     for k-sound before consonants – except:

Chlorine, chocolate.

Christmas, chrome, chrysalis, chrysanthemum; mackerel.

Technical, cockney, cocktail.

-c-  -  (cancel) - Inside words c is the main spelling

                       for an s-sound before e and i,

                       but with exceptions.

Absent, advertisement, arsenic, consent, consequence, conservative, insect, insert, morsel, persevere, prosecute.

Analysis, basic, basin, consider, consist, crisis, emphasis, insist, oasis, persistent, responsible, tonsil, university, utensil.  Capsize, prehensile.

Abscess, ascend, ascertain, descend, descent, condescension, crescent, disciple, discipline, fascinating, proboscis.

   Ancestors, cancel, cancer, concentrate, concept, conception, concern, concert, December, decent, grocer, innocent, license, licentious, magnificent, necessity, parcel, percent, perception, pincer, porcelain, princess, process, procession, reception, recent, recess, rhinoceros, saucer.

   Conceal. Conceit, conceive, deceit, deceive, receipt, receive.

Facetious, precede, procedure. Proceed, proceedings, proceeds. Plasticine.

Council/counsel, criticism, deciduous, decision, facilities, hyacinth, incident, medicine, narcissus, Pacific, participation, pencil, precision, principal, principle, specific, stencil.

Coincide, decide, decisive, decipher, docile, exercise, precise, recite,  suicide;  society,

-c  -  (lilac) - for k-sound at the end of longer words,

       except:

Anorak, kayak; attack, barrack, ransack; stomach.

-ce / -se - (face /case) - for final s-sound after long vowels,

                 38 –ce , 21 –se:

Ace, brace, embrace, face, grace, lace, pace, place/plaice, race, space, trace. Peace/piece, fleece, niece, police.

Dice, ice, mice, nice, price, rice, slice, twice, vice, advice, device, sacrifice. Choice, rejoice, voice.

Introduce, juice, reduce, truce, sluice. Sauce.

      Base, case, chase.

Cease, crease, grease, increase, release, geese, these.

Concise, precise. Dose. Goose, loose, noose, mouse.

Close x2, house x2, excuse x2, use x2.

  [too cloce to cloze; too good a houce to houze...,

   no uce, to uze]

-ce - (practice, promise, fortress) - In unstressed endings,

      the spelling of the final s-sound and the vowel before it

      are both unpredictable:

A practice/to practise(in UK),  apprentice, armistice, coppice, crevice, justice, notice, novice, office, precipice, service.

     Menace, necklace, palace, surface, terrace. Lettuce.

Premise, promise.

Analysis, axis, basis, bronchitis, chrysalis, crisis, emphasis, hypothesis, iris, oasis, pelvis, proboscis, synthesis, tennis, tonsillitis, trellis.

   Purchase.

        Atlas, canvas, Christmas, pampas, pyjamas.

    Carcass, compass, embarrass, trespass.

Abscess, access, congress, cypress, fortress, mattress, process, progress, recess, harness, witness.

Purpose, tortoise.

-ce  - (fence, force,  else)

          - final s-sound after consonants.

After -n- mainly -ce (mince), except:

Dense, expanse, expense, immense, intense, license,

nonsense, response, rinse, sense, suspense, tense.

   After l or p, always -se:

Else, pulse, impulse.

Collapse, copse, corpse, eclipse, elapse, glimpse, lapse.

   After r -  13 –se, 8-ce:

Coarse, course, curse, gorse, hoarse, horse, nurse, purse, rehearse, reverse, universe, verse, worse.

Commerce, divorce, enforce, fierce, force, pierce, reinforce, source.

Ch - (chip) – regular,

        with –tch (catch) after short vowels:

Catch, hatch, latch, match, patch, scratch, snatch, thatch, dispatch; sketch, stretch, wretch; ditch, hitch, itch, pitch, stitch, switch, twitch, witch; notch, watch; hutch, Dutch.

        Except: which, much, such, touch, attach, detach.

-cian - (musician) – regular ending

             for adjectives formed

             from nouns ending with –ic (music - musician)

-ck - (back, pocket) - for a k-sound after short vowels,

         except:

Mac, sac, rec (short for ‘recreation ground’). Yak.

Crocodile, decade, documents, executive, recognise, record, second, secular, vacuum.

Accurate, occupy, piccolo, soccer, succulent, tobacco.

Cheque, chequered, lacquer, liquor.

Echo, mechanism. - (See also Doubled consonants).

-cy - (fancy) - main spelling for a see-sound in word endings:

   Accuracy, delicacy, aristocracy, conspiracy, democracy, diplomacy, policy, juicy.

Agency, emergency, fancy, frequency, vacancy, tendency, urgency. Mercy.

   Except:

Controversy, courtesy, fantasy, gypsy, topsy-turvy. Embassy.

D  -  (dad) – completely regular

-dd- / -d- - (shoddy – body) - unpredictable.

                       See Doubled Consonants.

De- / di- - (devise, divide) - as unstressed prefix,

                     56 de-, 28 di-:

Decay, deceive, December, decide, (decision, decisive), deciduous, decipher, declare, decline, deduct, defeat, defect, defend, defiant, define, definite, degree, delay, delicious, delight, deliver, demand, democratic, demolish, deny, depart, department, depend, deport, deposit, depress, derive, descend, describe, deserve, design, despair, despatch, despise, despite, destination, destiny, destroy, detach, detain, detect, detention, detergent, determine, detest, devalue, develop, devise, devote, devour.

   Dictate, diffusion, dilapidated, dilemma, diploma, diplomatic, disappear, disaster, discharge, disciple, discover, discuss, disease, disguise, disgust, dismantle, dismay, displace, display, dispose, dispute, distinct, distribute, disturb, divide, (division), divine, divorce.

-dge - (bridge) for the j-sound in short words,

            after a short vowel, to differentiate from long vowels,

            (e.g. badge – cage) - regular:

Badge, bridge, cadge, dodge, dredge, edge, fridge, grudge, hedge, judge, ledge, lodge, nudge, ridge, sledge, smudge, trudge.