
- •Why is English spelling exceptionally irregular?
- •69 English spellings have more than one pronunciation
- •All common English words with phonically unreliable letters
- •Missing or misleading doubled consonants
- •Vacuum, decade, executive, recognise, record (noun), second, secular, liquor, liquorice, crocodile, documents.
- •Some words have doubled consonants which do not follow a short, stressed vowel
- •It can sound like the u in cup, oa in toast, oo as in book or oo in boot and e as in herb
- •In blood, flood and brooch oo has other sounds [blud, flud, broach].
- •103 English words which have
- •English spellings a-z and their exceptions
- •Install, tall, wall, instalment,
- •In longer words dg / g is less predictable
- •Doubled Consonants
- •Vacuum, decade, executive, recognise, record (noun), second, secular; crocodile, documents.
- •Vessel - trestle, wrestle, bristle, gristle, thistle, whistle,
- •In other words the spellings for it are highly unpredictable,
- •In uk English also: geezer/geyser, leaver/lever.
- •In at least 107 words,
- •In uk English, where there is also differentiation between
- •In American English the following are also with –or, but –our in uk:
- •In uk English an unstressed –a ending is pronounced much like an –er one too:
- •More recently imported words
- •In standard uk English the regular –aw endings
- •In the middle of words the spelling of the
- •Initial.
- •In the middle of words
Missing or misleading doubled consonants
Vowels followed by one consonant and another vowel are supposed to be long,
e.g. game, legal, time, bone, tune,
Short vowels, in words of more than one syllable, should be followed by doubled consonants,
e.g. grammar, beggar, imminent, bonny, button,
or ck and dge, as in chicken and badger;
but manny words with a short vowel do not have a doubled consonant,
have irregular spellings for their consonants (e.g. acid - cf. massive) and
sometimes have irregular spellings for their short vowels too (e.g. any).
These irregularities help to obscure vowel length and make learning to read English harder.
Cabinet, cabaret, cabin, elaborate, fabulous, habit, nebula, liberal, liberty, tribute, probable, robin.
Vacuum, decade, executive, recognise, record (noun), second, secular, liquor, liquorice, crocodile, documents.
Academy, adequate, radical, radish, already credit, dedicated, edible, edit, educate, federal, medal, medical, meadow, pedal, pedigree, ready, steady, hideous, video, body, modern, modest, produce (noun), study.
Café, refuge, refuse (noun), heifer, magnificent, significant, profit,
Agony, dragon, flagon, hexagonal, wagon, negative, brigand, frigate;
magic, tragic, legend, legislate, regiment, register, vegetable, pigeon, religion, rigid, logic;
Analysis, balance, calendar, chalet, galaxy, italic, morality, palace, palate, palette, reality, salad, salary, salon, talent, talon, valentine, valiant, valid, value, vitality, celery, delegate, delicacy, deluge, develop, element, eligible, helicopter, jealous, melody, melon, pelican, relevant, relic, skeleton, telescope, zealous, ability, bilious, military, ventriloquist, polythene, cylinder, abolish, colony, column, demolish, holiday, olive, knowledge, policy, politics, quality , solemn, solid, tolerate, volume , voluntary, colour.
Amateur, camel, camera, damage, dynamic, enamel, famine, famished, laminate, cemetery, chemical, democrat, emerald, epidemic, memory, remedy, lemon, feminine, premise, semi, criminal, eliminate, limit, timid, image, abominable, comet, comic, dominate, domino, economic, prominent, promise, vomit.
Animal, anorak, banish, banister, canopy, manage, manor, organic, panel, panic, spaniel, vanish, manual, benefit, any, enemy, energy, menace, many, penetrate, venison, lieutenant, aluminium, cinema, clinical, cynical, synagogue, synonym, continue, finish, linear, minimal, minister, minute*, opinion, sinister, spinach, vinegar, anonymous, astonish, conifer, economy, electronic, mnemonic, monastery, monarch, monument, supersonic, tonic, honey, money, onion.
Capital, capitol, chapel, rapid, tapestry, epic, leper, tepid, separate, typical, copy, opera, operate, proper, property, topic, popular, tropics;
Arab, arable, arid, asparagus, baron, caramel, caravan, caricature, carol, chariot, charity, clarity, comparison, garage, parasol, parish, transparent, America, beret, bury, ceremony, cherish, derelict, herald, heritage, heroine, heron, merit, peril, perish, sincerity, sterilise, therapist, very, ,conspiracy, empirical, lyric, miracle, pyramid, spirit, syrup, tyranny, authority, coral, florist, forest, historic, horoscope, laurel, majority, minority, moral, orange, priority, quarantine, thorough, courage, nourish;
Acid (cf. massive) capacity, pacifist, recipe, specify, specimen, decimal, chrysalis, electricity, explicit, municipal, participate, precipice, publicity, simplicity, solicitor, velocity, sausage;
Atom, baton, catalogue, catapult, category, compatible, lateral, latitude, matinee, platinum, platypus, satin, strategy, athletic, magnetic, metal, petal, tetanus, veteran, yeti, competitive, analytic, British, citizen, city, critical, literally, obliterate, pity, botany;
Hazard, hesitate, desert, designate, desolate, hesitate, present, president, resident, lizard, miserable, prison, risen, scissors, visible, visit, wizard, wizened, closet, deposit, lozenge, positive.