In standard uk English the regular –aw endings

                       have the same sound as -ore:  Awe, claw, draw,

               flaw, gnaw, jaw, saw, straw, thaw, law, paw, raw.

Ou,  -ow - (sound, now) – mainly ou inside words and

          -ow at the end, but with a few exceptions:

Flour/flower,  our/hour,  power, shower, tower.

Brown, clown, crown, down, drown, frown, gown, town.

Crowd, powder. Coward.

Fowl, growl, howl, owl, prowl, scowl, towel.

Browse, drowse.

       Bough, plough, sloughx2[sluf/slou]; thou.

P – (pop) – regular spelling, but

                  the letter is sometimes silent

(pneumatic, psalm, pseudo-, psycho-, ptarmigan, receipt)

or barely audible (consumption, empty, exempt, sumptuous, tempt.)

-pp- /-p- - (poppy – copy) – unpredictable.

                      See Doubled Consonants.

Qu - (quick) - usual spelling for the kw-sound,

                       except:

Acquaint, acquire, acquit.   Choir.

R - (run) - Some words spell the

                    r-sound with wr or rh.

Wrangle,  rap/wrap,  wrath, wreck, wren, wrench,

                  wrestle, wretch, wreak, wreath, wriggle, 

                  ring/wring,  wrinkle, wrist, written, 

                  right/rite/write,  writhe, wrong, wrote,

                  rung/wrung,  rye/wry.

 Rhythm, rhyme, rhinoceros, rhododendron,

                rhubarb, rheumatism.

-rr- / -r- - (merry – very) – unpredictable.

                      See Doubled Consonants.

S  -  (set, sit) – An initial s-sound before e, i and y is

                           often spelt c:

Sell/cell,   seller/cellar,   sent/cent/scent

Celebrate, celery, cellophane, cement, cemetery, centigrade, central, centre, century, certain, certificate, ceremony.

Seen/scene,  scenery. Cease, cedar, ceiling, cereal.

Cigar, cigarette, cinder, cinema, circle, circuit, circular, circulate, circumference, circumstance, circus,

cistern, citizen, citrus, city, civic, civil, civilian, civilisation, civilise. Cygnet. Scissors.

Cider, site/cite/sight. Cycle. Science, scythe.

-s- - (nasal) – Inside words, between vowels

                      s  in the main spelling for the z-sound,

but with exceptions:

   Bazaar, blazer, brazen, frozen gazelle, hazel, horizon, lozenge, magazine, razor, tweezers. Dozen, hazard, lizard, wizard, wizened. [Pronounced: duzzen, hazzard, lizzard, wizzard, wizzend.]

   Blizzard, buzzard, dizzy.  Possess.

Acquisition, busy, chisel, chrysanthemum, closet, cousin, daisy, deposit, desert x2, deserve, design, designate, desire, desolate, diesel, easel, easy, episode, exquisite, fuselage, geyser, hesitate, Joseph, miser, miserable, mosaic, museum, music, nasal, opposite, partisan, peasant, pheasant, physical, physiological, pleasant, poison, position, positive, presence, present, presentation, preserve, president, presumably, prison, proposal, proposition, raisin, realisation, reason, resemble, resentment, reserve, reservoir, residence, resign, resolution, resolve, resort, result, resume, risen, rosette, thousand, treason, visible, visit, weasel.

-se – (wise) - main spelling for a z-sound in endings,

         in at least 200 words, except:

Blaze, craze, crazy, gaze, graze, haze, laze, lazy, maze, raze, amaze.

Breeze, freeze, sneeze, squeeze, wheeze. Trapeze. Seize.

Prize, size, capsize.

Doze, froze, bulldoze. Ooze, booze.

       In US also:

Advertize, agonize, apologize, authorize, baptize, characterize, civilize, computerize, emphasize, fertilize, hypnotize, idolize, memorize, merchandize, organize, realize, recognize, sterilize, synchronize, tantalize (the British -ise suffix spelt -ize).

-ss - (kiss, boss) – in endings, after a stressed short vowel

                               and always in  –less and –ness,

except:  gas, yes, this, us, bus, plus, thus.

     A few words also use -ss after vowels

which are long in standard UK English: brass, class, glass, pass,

                                                           gross.

-ss- / -c- - (classic – acid) - unpredictable.

                     See Doubled Consonants.

Sh – (ship, fish) – With only a few exceptions

                        at the beginning or end of words:

Chalet, champagne, chandelier, charade,

chef, chivalrous, chute.

Sugar, sure (insure).

Moustache, avalanche, microfiche; liquorice.