
- •Why is English spelling exceptionally irregular?
- •69 English spellings have more than one pronunciation
- •All common English words with phonically unreliable letters
- •Missing or misleading doubled consonants
- •Vacuum, decade, executive, recognise, record (noun), second, secular, liquor, liquorice, crocodile, documents.
- •Some words have doubled consonants which do not follow a short, stressed vowel
- •It can sound like the u in cup, oa in toast, oo as in book or oo in boot and e as in herb
- •In blood, flood and brooch oo has other sounds [blud, flud, broach].
- •103 English words which have
- •English spellings a-z and their exceptions
- •Install, tall, wall, instalment,
- •In longer words dg / g is less predictable
- •Doubled Consonants
- •Vacuum, decade, executive, recognise, record (noun), second, secular; crocodile, documents.
- •Vessel - trestle, wrestle, bristle, gristle, thistle, whistle,
- •In other words the spellings for it are highly unpredictable,
- •In uk English also: geezer/geyser, leaver/lever.
- •In at least 107 words,
- •In uk English, where there is also differentiation between
- •In American English the following are also with –or, but –our in uk:
- •In uk English an unstressed –a ending is pronounced much like an –er one too:
- •More recently imported words
- •In standard uk English the regular –aw endings
- •In the middle of words the spelling of the
- •Initial.
- •In the middle of words
More recently imported words
with regular o-e and -o spellings:
Alcove, associated, bulldoze, crochet, chrome, commotion, component, compose, casserole, devoted, diploma, dispose, elope, explode, expose, global, heroic, impose, Joseph, jovial, kimono, local, located, lotion, mobile, mode, moment, motel, motive, node, nomad, note, notice, oboe, ocean, October, omen, opal, oppose, opponent, oval, phone, poem, polar, pose, postpone, potion, proboscis, process, programme, promote, proposal, protest, quote, robe, remote, Roman, rover, slogan, sober, sociable, social, socialism, socialist, soda, sofa, solar, suppose, token, total, trombone, utopia, vocal, vote, yodel, yoke, zodiac, zone.
Albino, armadillo, banjo, bingo, buffalo, cargo, cello, disco, domino, duo, dynamo, echo, Eskimo, flamingo, halo, hero, judo, kimono, motto, panto, piano, piccolo, Pluto, polo, potato, pro, pseudo, radio, ratio, solo, soprano, studio, tango, tobacco, tomato, tornado, torpedo, trio, video, volcano, zero.
But: Bungalow. Cocoa. Oboe. Pharaoh. Depot.
Oi, -oy - (spoil, ploy) – These spellings have
few exceptions.
Loyal, (loyalty), oyster, royal, (royalty), voyage.
Boy/buoy.
OO, -oo - (food /good, too) - with many exceptions.
Other spellings for long oo:
Brutal, brute, crucial, crude, fluent, fluid, Fluke, flute, frugal, glucose, intrude, jubilant, July, June, Jupiter, Jury, Juvenile, lubricate, ludo, ludicrous, lukewarm, luminous, lunar, lunatic, plural, prune, recluse, ruby, rude, ruin, rule, rural, secluded, truant, truce, truly, truth, Zulu.
Bruise, cruise, sluice; fruit, recruit.
Acoustic, bivouac, boutique, coupon, group, recoup, route, soup, toucan, tourist, troupe, wound, youth.
Lose, move, prove.
Tomb, womb.
Gruesome. Sleuth. Manoeuvre. Shrewd, strewn.
Blew/blue, flew/flue/flu, threw/through, brew, crew, drew, grew, screw, shrew, slew, strew, cashew.
Clue, glue, rue, true, accrue, construe. Gnu, guru.
Do, who, lasso. You. Choux. Canoe.
Poo/pooh, shoo/shoe, too/to/two.
Long oo-sound spelt oo:
Baboon, balloon, bloom, boom, boon, boost, boot, brood, broom, cartoon, choose, cocoon, cool, doom, droop, food, fool, gloom, goose, groom, groove, harpoon, hoof, hooligan, hoop, hoot, lagoon, loom, loop, loose, loosen, loot, macaroon, maroon, mood, moon, moor, moot, mushroom, noodle, noon, noose, pontoon, poodle, pool, poop, poor, proof, roof, room, root, saloon, school, schooner, scoop, scoot, scooter, shoot, smooth, snooker, soon, soothe, spoof, spook, spool, spoon, stool, stoop, swoon, swoop, tool, tooth, troop, whoop, zoom.
Boo, coo, goo, loo, moo, woo, zoo,
bamboo, cockatoo, hullabaloo, igloo, kangaroo,
shampoo, tattoo, voodoo, yahoo.
Short oo spellings are all unpredictable
and borrowed from spellings for other sounds
(e.g. good/food, should/shoulder, full/dull).
Good, hood, stood, wood.
Book, brook, cook, hook, look, rook, shook, took.
Wool. Whoosh. Foot.
Could, should, would.
Cuckoo.
Bull, full, pull, bullet, bullion.
Bush, cushion, push, shush.
Put, butcher, pudding, pussy, sugar.
Wolf, woman. Courier.
Or, -ore – (lord, more) - The stressed or-sound has
few irregular spellings inside words:
Course/coarse, horse/hoarse, source, resource. Court. Tournament.
Quart, quarter. Warm, warn, wart. Board, hoard.
As an ending -or is spelt unpredictably:
For/four, (fourth, fourteen, forty), nor, or/oar.
Door, floor, moor, poor/pour, tour, your.
Boar, roar, soar. Abhor.
Bore, chore, core, fore, gore, more, ore, pore, score, shore, snore, sore, store, tore, swore, wore/war.
Adore, ashore, before, carnivore, folklore, ignore, implore.