Unit II

Grammar: 1. Present, Past Continuous

2. going to

3. Numerals (Revision)

Pre-reading exercises

Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:

affect /q 'fekt/– впливати

alter /'Lltq/– змінювати

assume /q 'sjHm/– набувати

chemical /'kemIkl/– хімічний

consume /kqn 'sjHm/– споживати

damage /'dxmIG/– пошкодження

ecology /I 'kPlqGI/– екологія

environment /In 'vaIrqnmqnt/– навколишнє середовище

interrelation /"IntqrI 'leISn/– взаємозв’язок

oxygen /'PksIGqn/– кисень

protection /prq 'tekSn/– захист

substance /'sAbstqns/– речовина

water /'wLtq/– вода

withdraw /wID 'drL/– забирати

Exercise II. Read the headline of the text. What is this text about? What information do you expect to read?

Reading

Read closely the text; divide it into several logical parts and think of a suitable headline for each part:

Man and biosphere

Interrelations between man and the biosphere are of a fairly complex nature. Man, like every other living organism, depends for his life on what the biosphere provides: water, oxygen, food and shelter. On the other hand, the biosphere is strongly affected by all sorts of human activity.

About 200 years ago man lived in greater harmony with his environment because industry was not developed. Pre­historic man withdrew from atmosphere only the oxygen he required for respiration. Today the situation is quite different. Modern man consumes a far greater amount of oxygen to support fires, power plants and chemical processes. The carbon dioxide produced by technological processes has greatly changed the carbon dioxide concentra­tion in the atmosphere. The technology has introduced into the biosphere man-made radio-isotopes and a wide variety of synthetic materials such as plastics, insecticides, herbicides and numerous, industrial materials. These sub­stances and materials alter the biosphere.

The problem of the environmental crisis has recently assumed global proportions. Scientists say, that unless some radical steps are taken, life on our planet may be irrevo­cably damaged, if not destroyed altogether.

Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Underline the correct item and translate the sentences:

1. This dispute undertakes/assumes at once reasonableness and an importance.

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2. This is a fairly/rather easy problem.

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3. I remained firmly and irrevocably/permanently fixed in my first resolution.

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4. The students leave/withdrew from his pocket a folded paper.

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5. No amount/number of fire or freshness can challenge what a man can store up in his ghostly heart.

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Exercise IV. Match the words with the descriptions:

a).water	Relatively thin life-supporting stratum of the earth's surface, extending from a few miles into the atmosphere to the deep-sea vents of the oceans.
b).biosphere	Gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth.
c).oxygen	Inorganic compound, a colourless gas with a faint, sharp odour and a sour taste when dissolved in water.
d).atmosphere	Gaseous chemical element.
e).carbon dioxide	Inorganic compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen, existing in liquid, gas, and solid states.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Exercise V. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1. What is happening in the biosphere?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. Man's influence on the biosphere is highly uneven, isn't it? Why do you think so?

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3. Why did man live in a greater harmony with his environment about 200 years ago?

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4. What are the conflicts that arise?

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5. Who was the first to realize the necessity for a new approach to the biosphere?

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Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Define the tense-forms used in the following sentences and translate them:

1. At that time spherical joint was becoming more and more useful in the construction of glass equipment.

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2. I see a man. He is coming here.

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3. The discussion of the problem was going on from 2 till 3 o’clock.

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4. Are you beginning the experiment on Saturday?

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5. The reaction was running smoothly.

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Exercise VII. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple, Future Simple or use “going to”:

1. Let’s clean the room. I ……….. (see) my friends tonight.

2. In the year 2020 people ………... (drive) electric cars.

3. I know that she ………… (hold) a meeting.

4. The plane from Brussels ………… (arrive) at 8:30.

5. His house is very small. He ……….. (move) to a bigger house next year.

Exercise VIII. Find the English equivalents for the words in brackets. Translate the sentences:

1. …………… (спочатку) try, then trust.

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2. This substance precipitates …………. (на одну третю) as fast as the other one.

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3. …………… (одна мільйонна) of the second is required for the process to take place.

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4. ………. (по-перше) we describe the management process. ……… (по-друге), the formal structures of the simulation model. ………. (по-третє), we will present selected simulation results.

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5. The results of this experiment were (потрійний) ………….

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6. …………… (сто тридцять п’ять) representatives of different social organizations attended the symposium.

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7. We read the devise …………. (двічі) a day.

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8. He was born in (тисяча дев’ятсот сімнадцятому) …………...

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Speaking task

E xercise IX. Look at the Picture 1 and try to describe the picture layer after layer. You can work in groups, in pairs or alone.

Picture 1. The atmosphere of the Earth