- •Часть I
- •Part I. Materials science and machine tools
- •Mechanical Engineering
- •Materials Science and Technology
- •Mechanical Properties of Materials
- •Machine Tools (Part I)
- •Machine Tools (Part II)
- •Grinders
- •Words and word combinations to the part I
- •Part II. Metals unit 1
- •Metalworking Processes
- •Metalworking and Metal Properties
- •Corrosion
- •Words and word combinations to the part II
- •Part 3 plastics unit 1
- •The Plastic Age
- •Types of Plastics (Part I)
- •Types of Plastics (Part II)
- •Composite Materials
- •Words and word combinations to the part III
- •Part IV. Automobile unit 1
- •Automobile Production
- •Components of the Automobile
- •1) Fill in the dialogue using the words in the box. There are two extra words:
- •Transmission of Power in Automobile
- •Automotive Braking System
- •Driver, Vehicle, and Road
- •Words and word combinations to the part IV
- •Part 5 robots and computers unit 1
- •Machines through the Ages
- •Robots – Moving, Powering, Feeling, and Thinking
- •Industrial Robots
- •Industrial robots
- •Generations of Computers
- •Computer Security
- •Words and word combinations to the part V
- •Part 6 graphs unit 1 Describing Graphs (Part I)
- •Describing Graphs
- •Unit 2 Describing Graphs (Part II)
- •Words and word combinations to the part VI
- •Supplementary reading
- •Part I materials science and technology
- •Part II metals
- •Part III plastics
- •Part IV automobile
- •Part V robots and computers
- •Part VI graphs
- •Listening scripts part I. Materials science and machine tools Unit 1 Mechanical Engineering
- •Part II. Metals Unit 4 Steel
- •Part III. Plastics Unit 2 Types of plastics (Part I)
- •Part IV. Automobile Unit 5 Driver, Vehicle, and Road
- •Part V. Robots and computers Unit 1 Machines through the Ages
- •Unit 3 Industrial Robots
- •Part VI. Graphs Unit 2 Describing Graphs
- •Glossary of engineering terms and abbreviations
- •English-Russian Vocabulary
- •Russian- English Vocabulary
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix 1
- •Appendix 2
Transmission of Power in Automobile
The power from the engine to the driving wheels is transmitted through the transmission which is composed of the following mechanisms:
Clutch is a friction device. It connects the engine to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for disconnecting the engine from the gearbox, for starting the car and for releasing the engine from the car wheels.
The clutch is fixed between the flywheel of the engine and the gearbox and consists of two plates (discs): the friction disc and the pressure disc. The friction disc is situated between the flywheel and the pressure plate and has a hard-wearing material on each side.
The basic principal operation of the clutch is frictional force acting between two discs. The clutch is controlled by the clutch pedal. When the pedal is at rest the clutch is engaged and the running engine is connected to the gearbox. When the pedal is pressed down the clutch is disengaged and the engine runs idly.
Gearbox is a mechanism regulating the motive power of the engine, which is transmitted to the driving wheels of the automobile. It is placed between the clutch and the propeller shaft. The principal function of the gearbox is to vary the speed of the car movement to meet the road conditions. The gearbox provides four forward speeds and one reverse, as follows: first or low gear; second gear; third gear; fourth or top gear; reverse gear.
There are many constructional arrangements of gearboxes, which can be classified as follows:
Sliding-mesh type;
Constant-mesh type;
Epicyclic (planetary) type.
The sliding-mesh type is the simplest one and is the oldest historically. The constant-mesh type is the most widely used type. They are termed “ordinary” gearing, the characteristic feature of which is that the axes of the various gears are fixed axes. The gears simply rotate about their own axes.
The characteristic feature of epicyclical (planetary) gearing is that one gear rotates about its own axis and also rotates bodily about some other axis.
To secure the several speeds of the car the clutch shaft is mounted in direct line with the gearbox shaft. The gearbox shaft carries on it the sliding gears which are used for shifting to secure the forward speeds and the reverse drive.
Differential is an automatic mechanism which operates according to the resistance of the road against the revolving wheels. When a car turns a corner, it is necessary for the outside wheels to revolve faster, because it has a longer distance to travel than the inside wheel. The outside wheel revolves faster than the inside wheel if the car turns to the right.
The axle shaft of the outside wheel being attached to the wheel, must revolve faster than the axle shaft of the inside wheel when turning to the right, and slower if turning to the left. Therefore, to compensate for this difference in speed of the two wheels, the bevel gears on the ends of the axle shafts mesh with the small bevel gears, called differential gears.
Assignments:
General understanding. Answer the questions:
What plates does the clutch consist of?
Describe the basic principal operation of the clutch.
When does an engine run idly?
What is the function of the gearbox?
What speeds does the gearbox provide?
Why is the clutch shaft mounted in direct line with the gearbox shaft?
When a car turns a corner, why it is necessary for the outside wheels to revolve faster?
What are differential gears?
Translate these words and phrases into English:
Вращаться вокруг собственных осей; крепится между маховиком и коробкой передач; фрикционная сила; стандартное зубчатое соединение; основная функция; движущая сила; характерная особенность; педаль сцепления нажата; износостойкий материал; включать / отключать; сцепление.
Match adjectives and nouns as they go in the text:
1. reverse |
a) material; |
2. propeller |
b) gear; |
3. forward |
c) force; |
4. hard-wearing |
d) conditions; |
5. characteristic |
e) speeds; |
6. road |
f) power; |
7. motive |
g) type; |
8. automatic |
h) shaft; |
9. constant-mesh |
i) mechanism; |
10. frictional |
j) feature. |
According to the key words guess the name of mechanisms in the car:
Revolving wheels;
The simplest type of gearbox;
It is placed between the clutch and propeller shaft;
Rotates about its own and other axes;
Friction device;
Bevel gears mesh with the small bevel gears;
“Ordinary” gearing;
It has a hard-wearing material on each side
Say whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):
The clutch is the device connecting the gearbox and differential.
The most complicated type of gearbox is the constant-mesh type.
The clutch is controlled by the clutch pedal.
The outside wheel revolves slower than the inside wheel if the car turns to the right.
The gearbox provides five speeds.
Put the words (column B) into the certain gaps in the sentences (column A):
A
B
1. A ___ (a British name) or an automobile (an American name) is a road vehicle with usually 4 ___ which is driven by an engine and used as a means of transportation for a small number of ___.
a) speed;
b) people;
c) resistance;
d) chassis;
e) motor car;
f) fuel;
g) power;
h) brakes;
i) wheels;
j) pressure;
k) engine.
2. The automobile is known to be made up of three basic parts: the engine, the body and ___.
3. We know the clutch to consist of two plates: the driven plate and the ___ plate.
4. The engine is known to comprise the ___ , cooling, electric and lubricating systems.
5. ___ are known to be used for stopping the car.
6. To shape the car means to make it in such manner that it offers small ___ to the air.
7. Benz built a new ___ that was lighter and more powerful than any other and produced ¾ horse ___ , and achieved the ___ of 13 kph.
Render the text in English:
|
Центр тяжести смещается без склонения |
Резаные колеса: Восемь граней поворота
Хвататься за ножовку и разделывать колёса своей машины на восемь частей не стоит, но идея Чарльза Пиотта (Charles Pyott) действительно вдохновляет на подвиги. Предложенная им система DAWS (Dynamically Augmenting Wheel System, «Динамично расширяющаяся колёсная система») преследуют одну цель: позволять автомобилю смещать центр тяжести вдоль перпендикулярной движению оси (иначе говоря – двигаться в поворотах) без снижения сцепления с трассой.
Действительно, возникающей при повороте центробежной силе шины сопротивляются намного слабее, чем нагрузкам вдоль оси движения. Дело в том, что при повороте центр тяжести транспорта смещается в сторону, машина слегка наклоняется, и покрышки начинают не столь плотно прилегать к трассе. Для мотоциклов эта ситуация даже хороша: мотоциклетная шина, в отличие от автомобильной, имеет явно закругленный профиль, что позволяет сохранять сцепление с дорогой и дает дополнительное преимущество в поворотах.
Решить эту проблему пытаются многие автомобильные конструкторы. Первый вариант, который приходит в голову – сконструировать подвеску таким образом, чтобы колёса автомобиля могли на некоторый угол склоняться в стороны, а шину сделать округлой, как у мотоциклов. Этим путём пошли создатели BMW Clever – правда, таким образом, доработано у них только одно (единственное переднее) колесо.
Другая возможность: сконструировать подвеску таким образом, чтобы она позволяла колёсам отклоняться в вертикальной плоскости относительно шасси и кузова. Тогда при входе поворот и наклоне автомобиля они останутся плотно прижатыми к дороге. Этот способ избрали разработчики Mercedes F400 Carving: на поворотах у этого концепта отклоняется пара внешних колёс.
Но еще более увлекательный с инженерной точки зрения предложил Чарльз Пиотт: по его мысли, само колесо должно представлять собой подвижную систему, состоящую из 8-ми сегментов, способных смещаться вдоль друг друга. Она позволяет смещать центр тяжести автомобиля, не теряя контакта с трассой. Другое дело, что практичность системы DAWS (как и любой подобной сложной механики) – весьма и весьма сомнительна, особенно в условиях российской погоды и российских дорог.
«Популярная механика»
Use the words and phrases given below:
Разделывать колеса – strip down the wheels; преследовать цель – pursue an aim; смещать центр тяжести вдоль перпендикулярной движению оси - decentre the gravity along perpendicular to the axis movement; центробежная сила - centrifugal force; смещается в сторону – eccentrically; покрышка - tyre casing; плотно прилегать - bear against; подвеска – suspension; угол – angle; отклоняться в вертикальной плоскости – deflect in vertical plane; с инженерной точки зрения – from engineering point of view.
UNIT 4
Read the text:
Fig.4.1. Typical Automotive Braking System
