6. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What were signals originally provided for?

2. What is the function of signals?

3. What two purposes is modern signalling designed to serve?

4. What does the “sighting point” mean?

5. What is the arrangement of signalling on a mainline railway?

6. What factors must the allowance be made for?

7. What main types are all signals in use divided into?

8. What means is the way of their usage expressed by?

9. How are visible signals classified according to the time of their application?

10. What ways are sound signals expressed by?

IV. Grammar Exercises

7. Перекладіть речення з Participle I.

1. определительный причастный оборот:

1. The locomotives developing high speeds are used to draw passenger trains. 2. Ballast supporting the track structure is made of broken stone. 3. The engineers taking part in the conference spoke about the latest achievements of the country’s railway engineering. 4. Railway electrification attracts the attention of transport engineers in the countries facing the energy crisis. 5. Most of the trains running the service on the suburban lines operate on electricity.

b) обстоятельственный причастный оборот:

1. Organizing international railway exhibition we demonstrate our locomotives, cars and modern machinery. 2. Discussing the project the engineers spoke of its advantages. 3. The locomotive must develop a higher tractive effort when drawing a heavy train. 4. When designing the railway main line the engineers had many difficulties. 5. Many achievements of modern science and engineering have been introduced into the design of a new locomotive including the automatic speed control. 6. The scientists paid great attention to railway electrification while working out the plan of our country’s development for the next five years.

8. Дайте варіанти перекладу сполучень з Participle I, II у функції означення.

a) the running train; the ballast supporting the track structure; the rails supported by the sleepers; the engineers making efforts; the efforts made by scientists; the man driving the train; the train driven by the computer; the engineer improving the machine; the machine improved by the engineer.

b) вчені, які звертають увагу на залізничну техніку; комп’ютери, які привертають увагу вчених; локомотив, який рухається на великій швидкості; план, запропонований інженерами; транспортна система, яка забезпечує безпечні перевезення; проект, розроблений вченими; поїзди, які перевозять вантажі; вантажі, які перевозяться по залізниці.

9. Дайте варіанти перекладу сполучень з Participle I, II у функції обставин.

1. Constructing the Kyiv Underground the workers encountered many engineering difficulties. 2. While carrying out experiments with the computer the scientists clearly saw its advantages. 3. When improved, the track will be used for high-speed running. 4. The metro workers ensure a great safety of travel examining trains regularly. 5. When first proposed, the project for the city seemed unrealistic.