6. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What is the main task of dispatching?

2. Who has a position of greater responsibility at a large terminal?

3. What does the dispatcher receive from passing trains?

4. What is the train dispatcher in charge of?

5. What does the train dispatcher provide?

6. What is the hump controller responsible for?

7. Where is train control carried out from?

8. What devices is dispatcher’s working place equipped with?

9. Who can the dispatcher communicate with?

10. What facilitates railway traffic operation?

IV. Grammar Exercises

7. Визначте інфінітивні комплекси та перекладіть речення.

1. It is necessary for the railway to have wagons that may be used in combined rail traffic. 2. The modern railways need new powerful locomotives to haul long goods trains. 3. The mechanical engineers want further research to be carried out into new kinds of motive power. 4. The Trans-Siberian trunk line is regarded to be the most significant railway handling traffic between Europe and Japan. 5. The next step was considered to be taken in replacement of wood by plastic for the interior of passenger cars. 6. In 1972, the London Underground was reported to have put the new Victoria Line into public service. 7. We know the railways to use the electric rolling stock on the most heavily used trunk lines. 8. For low temperature to be maintained inside the refrigerator cars their walls, roofs and floor must be airproof. 9. The a.c. to d.c. conversion appears to be performed at the railway substations; the latter are also known to have transformers to lower the voltage of the current supplied by the transmission line. 10. After the test runs the locomotive was found to have some serious drawbacks in its design.

8. Визначте інфінітивні комплекси та перекладіть текст.

Delay Management and Dispatching in Railways

Passenger railway transportation is known to play a crucial role in the mobility in Europe. Since the privatization of the railway sector in the 90s, passenger satisfaction has become an important performance indicator in this sector. The reliability of transfers between trains is considered to be a key aspect for passengers. When a train arrives at the station with a delay, passengers are known to miss their connection if the next train departs on time. These passengers then prefer the connecting train to wait, but this introduces delays for many other passengers. Delay Management is believed to be a field in railway operations that deals with this situation. It determines whether a connecting train should wait for the passengers to arrive with a delayed train or should depart on time. For this purpose some models and solution approaches are expected to be developed for Delay Management. The objective in the models is known to minimize passenger delay. First, it is necessary for the classical delay management model to be extended with passenger rerouting. This is expected to help railway station staff to compute the exact delays for passengers. They are said to be developing an exact algorithm to solve this extension. Then, the staff is supposed to incorporate the limited capacity of the stations in these models. Stations are known to be the bottlenecks of the railway infrastructure, where delays of one train can easily propagate to other trains. When optimizing the wait-depart decisions, these secondary delays are expected to be considered. Therefore railway station staff is believed to develop an integrated model that includes headway constraints for trains on the same track in the station and an iterative approach that evaluates the timetable perfectly.

VIII. Extra Reading