2. Modal verbs

The modal verb "Must" is used in its three important meanings:

Concrete	Imperative	Suppositional
Immediate obligation or necessity, or an obligation referring to the future /in the affirmative sentences/. We must begin before 5p.m. He must move the furniture himself.	Prohibition, negative commands /only in the negative sentences/. The little girl must not go home alone. You must not do it!	Probability, near certainty about the present and the past /only in statements He must be crazy. She must be so lonely! Did you always live with Bob? You must have led a quiet life! In these sentences "Must" has the same meaning as: Probably, Evidently.
Obligation referring to the present or future in the reported speech He said we must invite her to dinner.	Invitation. You must come and see me somehow! You must come and have dinner with us!	If we use the perfect Progressive infinitive, it indicates the process in the past It must have been raining when you left.
With the 2nd person "You" "Must" expresses an obligation which has an effect as a command You must do as you are told! You must leave now. I want to sleep.

The modal verb “Have To” differs from the others in that it is not defective. It can have the category of person and number and all tense-aspect forms as well as verbals. It is followed by “TO-Infinitive”. We had to look all over the town before we found what we wanted. She will not have to wait for you. “Have To’ builds up its interrogative and negative forms with the help of the auxiliary verb “To Do”. Do you have to work hard? He doesn’t have to do what she tells him. It is used to express:

• Obligation or necessity arising out of some circumstances. It is similar to its meaning with ‘Must”. She is usually short of time so she has to go by air. In the past tense “Have to” indicates a fulfilled obligation. We had to do a lot of things so we stayed in the country /we obliged and did it/.

“Have to “ replaces “Must” when “Must” cannot be used:

• To express past necessity or obligation. We had to do it again.

• To express absence of necessity since ’MUST’ + not means prohibition.

Compare: You must not do it/Prohibition/

You don’t have to make another copy of the document. This one will be enough /in the sense of ”Needn’t”/.

• To express future obligation. The future of “Have To” makes the obligation more precise. You’ll have to take a taxi if you want to catch a train.

“Need”. This modal verb may be either a defective or a regular verb. As a defective verb “Need” has only one form and combines with a bare infinitive. For example: Need I do it? You needn’t do it just now. In the reported speech it remains unchanged. As a regular verb it has the Past Simple form ”Needed” and regular negative and interrogative forms. The regular form is used mainly when the following infinitive denotes habitual action. For example: You don’t need to say it every time you see him. It is used to express:

• Necessity /mainly used in questions and negative sentences/. Do you need to work hard? Need she come tomorrow?

• Absence of necessity. She needn’t go there today He is ill.

• When followed by a perfect infinitive “need,” indicates that the action expressed by the infinitive was performed but was not necessary. You needn’t have spent all the money. She needn’t have left her child alone.

"Shall" as a modal verb is not translated in Ukrainian. It's meaning is rendered by the emphatic intonation and it is used only in three meanings.

Concrete	Imperative
Promise or strong intention /in this meaning "shall" is used with the 2nd and 3d person singular with a weak stress/. He shall get his money. In the 1st person it acquires a strong stress. I want this prize and I shall get it!	Suggestion /in questions, offers, in the 1st person singular and plural/. Shall I read? Shall we begin? Shall I get you a chair?
Threat. In this meaning "Shall" is used with the 2d and 3d person singular. You shall be sorry!
Warning in the affirmative and negative sentences. Put on your coat, you shall be sick.

"Should". Historically it was the past form of the verb "Shall" and both of the forms expressed obligation. But in present day English they have developed different meanings and are treated as 2 different verbs. "Should" followed by the non perfect infinitive may be used with the reference to the present and future and is not changed in the reported speech. For example: You should be more careful. I told him that he should be more careful. This modal verb is used only in two meanings.

Imperative	Suppositional
Moral obligation or duty in all kinds of sentences /about the present/. All the students should hand in the papers today.	Probability only with the reference to the present of future The guests should not come early.
In the negative sentences "Should" denotes negative advice. He should not be so impatient!	In the set expression "Why should..?" Why should I go there?
"Should" + Perfect Infinitive indicates that something desirable has not been done. It denotes criticism only in the affirmative sentences. You should have put more sugar in my coffee. It's not sweet.

Must, have to and should

MUST: obligation is imposed by the speaker. The speaker has authority over the one that is spoken to and he/she exercises his/her power. Must is also preferred to refer to ourselves (I must go now) and to express a strong advice or invitation (That's a picture you really must see). You must do your homework. You must wipe your feet before you enter. HAVE TO: obligation springs from circumstances or external rules. Something has to be done, whether the speaker likes it or not. You have to pass your exams if you want to succeed. In England you have to drive on the left. SHOULD is used to give advice. No obligation here, rather a recommendation from the speaker. You should try to cut down on smoking. You should keep in mind that you're dealing with cutsomers, John. Mustn't or needn't

MUSTN'T: it is forbidden; it is foolish if you do it. You mustn't light a match here. There may be gas in the room! NEEDN'T: it is not necessary, so I advise you not to do it.

You needn't go by bus, I'll drive you. Needn't have and didn't need to

DIDN'T NEED TO + infinitive: it was not necessary, so it wasn't done. I didn't need to go. I knew it wasn't necessary. NEEDN'T HAVE + past participle: it was done, but it wasn't necessary. I needn't have gone. It was a pure waste of time.

The modal verb “CAN” has two tense forms: can – Present, could – Past. The construction “To Be Able To Do Smth” is an equivalent and it is used to denote some circumstances. For example: She is not able to sing today. She has a sore throat. He will be able to get tickets if we ask him. He was not able to come because he had some troubles.

The modal verb “CAN” is used in its three meanings.

Concrete	Imperative	Suppositional
Physical or mental ability. She can speak English fluently.	Permission You can go now.	Strong doubt about the present Can you know it? Could you know it?
To express circumstantial ability/ the ability is presented by some circumstances. You can get books at any library. You can buy this dress at any shop.	Request Can I go there? Could I go there?	Strong doubt about the past Could you have done it? I don't believe.
	Prohibition /forbidden by laws or rules/. You can't speak with your mouth full. You can't cross the street here!	Doubt about the present and the past He can't be so silly. She couldn't have done so.

    If there are two negations in the sentence we should use "FAIL". For example: Could he have failed to return? She could not have failed to notice it.

The modal verb "MAY" has two tense forms: may - present, might - past. It is used in its three meanings:

Concrete	Imperative	Suppositional
Possibility of the fact /only in the affirmative sentences/ One may often see such faces in the north of Russia.	Permission /mostly in the interrogative and the affirmative sentences/ May I come in? May I go now? You may go.	Supposition or uncertainty used only in the affirmative and negative sentences He may come or he may not. They may be arriving! Why hasn't she come? He may have been hurt.
	"Might" is used in the polite requests for permission. Might I use your dictionary?	"May" and "Might" are not used in questions.  We should use the constructions: Is it likely...? Do you think...?
	Prohibition You may not leave the house.
	"Might" is used to express reproach /about the past and present/. You might leave the child alone. You might have bought her flowers

The modal verb "Ought To" has only one tense form and it's not changed in the reported speech. It combines with the "To-Infinitive". When followed by the non-perfect or continuous infinitive it indicates reference to the present or future. In indirect speech it may also refer the action to the past. For example: I told him that he ought to do it and he did it. This modal verb is used only in two meanings.

Imperative	Suppositional
Moral duty and moral obligation, which is not always fulfilled. You ought to look after your children better. He ought to be punished.	Probability, something that can be naturally expected. Apples ought to grow here.
In combination with the perfect infinitive it means that something right has not been done. In this case it implies reproach. You ought to have helped him /But you didn't/.	"Ought to" does not refer to the past!
"Ought not" + perfect infinitive means that something wrong has been done and it is not too late to change it. You ought not to have laughed at him!

"To Be To" as a modal verb is used in two tense forms - Present and Past Simple.

Concrete	Imperative	Suppositional
Obligation arising out of an arrangement or plan/in statements and questions/. We are to complete this work by tomorrow. When is the wedding to be?	A strict order or instruction, given by the speaker or any other authority. You are to do it exactly you were told. You are to stay here until I return!	Possibility. They are not to be trusted! Nothing was to be done under the circumstances.
Perfect Infinitive is used to emphasize that the action did not take place. I was to have come. I was to have graduated in June but failed.	Strict prohibition. You are not to do that! You are not to tell anything about it!	In the expressions: What am I to do? What is to become of me? Where am I to go?
A purpose or a plan. A knife is to cut with. This prize was to honor him for his success.	Something that is destined to happen. She was to become his wife. It was not to be.

 Ex.1. Translate into English.

1. Він, мабуть, порізався, коли голився. 2. Хіба я не можу спершу закінчити сніданок? 3. Знову і знову вона говорила собі, що не повинна його винити. 4. Але я думаю, ви могли б сказати нам це півгодини тому. 5. Можна мені посидіти з вами? 6. Вона, напевно, прийшла рано, щоб зайняти таке місце. 7. Я можу примусити Ганну працювати, і я маю намір це зробити. 8. В майбутньому ви можете також звертатися до мене "тітка Поллі". 9. Ви можете узяти той капелюх, якщо він вам подобається. 10. Невже вона дійсно так серйозно хвора? 11. Не може бути, щоб вона мене одурювала. 12. Вона, очевидно, десь його зустрічала. 13. Ти припускаєш, що він може десь ховатися зараз? 14. Вам не слід було їхати на машині із зламаними гальмами. 15. Це якраз те, чого слід уникати. 16. Раптом з'явилася дівчинка з великим букетом незабудок в руках, які вона, напевно, рвала в дальньому кінці газону, де вони росли удосталь. 17. А вам не спадало на думку, Хиггинс, що Еліза володіє деякими почуттями? - Ні, не думаю. Не тими почуттями, про які варто було б турбуватися. 18. Вранці я подзвоню місіс Хиггинс і запитаю її, що я повинен робити. 19. Чи треба нам сказати їй що-небудь? 20. Я упевнена, що вам немає чого нервувати. І ви знаєте, що я буду з вами. 21. Батько ніяк не погоджується на її заміжжя. 22. Вам доведеться одержати спеціальний дозвіл на яхту. 23. У мене багато часу. Мені не треба йти додому. 24. Як ви насмілюєтесь приходити сюди і намагатися шантажувати мене? 25. Вам не слід було бути таким необачним. 26. Боюся, що все це доведеться відкласти. 27. Я більше не прошу вас повірити мені. Я не можу нічого зробити, якщо ви не бажаєте. 28. Я повинен говорити, а ви повинні слухати. Ви слухатимете. 29. Мені доведеться запитати їх, як звуть цю молоду людину. 30. Зараз там, мабуть, йде сніг. 31. Сніг, мабуть, йде з самого ранку. 32. Ви, мабуть, не оцінили важливості цього повідомлення. 33. Вона, мабуть, любить оперу. 34. Вона, мабуть, нехтує лікуванням інсуліном. 35. Вона, можливо, нехтувала лікуванням інсуліном. 36. Вона, можливо, вже тривалий час нехтує лікуванням інсуліном. 37. Коли вона звернулася до мене, я, можливо, читав оголошення і не чув її слів.