- •Міністерство аграрної політики україни сумський національний аграрний університет business english
- •Unit 1 the economic environment
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents.
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms.
- •3. Increase your vocabulary.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •5. Translate into English. To affect smb, smth
- •To deny
- •6. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:
- •7. Answer the questions.
- •8. Translate using all the active possible.
- •Unit 2 measuring economic activity
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms.
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following.
- •5. Increase your vocabulary:
- •It is likely (unlikely) that...
- •6. Give explanations in English
- •7. Answer the questions.
- •8. Translate using all the active possible.
- •Unit 3 three economic issues Three economic issues
- •The oil price shocks
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:
- •6. Explain in English:
- •7. Answer the questions:
- •8. Translate using all the active possible
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •3. Fill in the table with the data from the text Table 1. The distribution of world income
- •4. Find English equivalents
- •6. Answer the questions
- •7. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 5 the role of government
- •Tabl. 2. Government Spending as a Percentage of National Income
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •6. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •7. Answer the questions
- •8. Translate using the active possible
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •3. Draw a figure, complete it, mark all the points (from a to g) and explain it in English making use of the following phrases
- •4. Find English equivalents
- •5. Explain in English
- •6. Answer the question
- •7. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Answer the questions
- •6. Translate using the active possible
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Answer the questions
- •6. Translate using all the active possible
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Increase your vocabulary
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •6. Explain in English
- •7. Answer the questions
- •8. Translate using all the active possible
- •Vocabulary notes
- •5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •6. Explain in English
- •7. Answer the questions
- •8. Translate using all the active possible
- •Unit 10
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Explain in English
- •6. Answer the questions
- •7. Translate using all the active possible
- •Unit 11
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Shorten the following sentences without changing their meaning, like this:
- •5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •6. Explain in English
- •7. Answer the questions
- •8. Translate using all the active possible
- •Unit 12
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •3. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •4. Answer the questions
- •5. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 13
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Check your prepositions. Insert a suitable preposition in each of the blanks in these sentences
- •5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •6. Answer the questions
- •7. Translate using all the active possible
- •Unit 14
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Give explanations in English
- •6. Read the description of drawing a circular flow
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •Draw the circular flow and describe it using all the active possible
- •7. Answer the questions
- •8. Translate using all the active possible
- •Unit 15
- •Injections
- •Investments.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •Unit 16
- •Imports.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •Unit 17
- •Inflation
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 18
- •1. Accounting and financial problems.
- •2. Falling sales.
- •3. High interest rates.
- •4. Higher costs.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 19
- •Vocabulary notes
- •2. Find English explanations or paraphrase
- •5. Answer the questions
- •6. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 20
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Find in the text opposites to the following words and expressions
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •6. Explain in English
- •7. Answer the questions
- •8. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 21 the role of banks
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •3. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •4. Answer the questions
- •5. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 22
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Increase your vocabulary
- •5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •6. Explain in English
- •7. Answer the questions
- •8. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 23
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •Unit 24
- •Interest rates and bond prices
- •Assignments
- •Unit 25
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Answer the questions
- •6. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 26
- •Assignments
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Answer the questions
- •6. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 27
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Check your grammar
- •6. Answer the questions
- •7. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 28
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Answer the questions
- •6. Translate into English using all the active possible
- •Unit 29
- •Vocabulary note
- •Assignments
- •1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
- •2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
- •4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following
- •5. Explain in English
- •6. Answer the questions
- •7. Translate Into English using all the active possible
- •Grammar
- •1. Revision of tenses
- •Going to the Pictures
- •The Little Girl and the Wolf
- •Modal verbs
- •Conditional sentences.
- •In case
- •Ex. 12 Write sentences beginning I wish … would…
- •4. Verbals ( Infinitive. Gerund. Participle I, II.)
- •Infinitive.
- •2. Infinitive with or without 'to'.
- •3. Infinitive after question words.
- •4. Negative infinitive.
- •5. Verbs normally followed by the infinitive.
- •6. Infinitive constructions
- •I want you to help me.
- •I haven’t heard anyone call me.
- •It was a brilliant day, with the sun shining exceedingly bright after the rain.
- •I found him waiting for me, with his bag in his hand.
- •Ex. 1 Gerund or Infinitive?
- •5. The sequence of tenses. Direct and indirect speech.
- •Statements
- •Questions
- •Definitions
- •Vocabulary
- •Список використаної літератури
- •Contents
Vocabulary notes
to distinguish two branches of the subject - розмежовувати два аспекти предмета
positive economics deals with objective explanations - позитивна економічна теорія пропонує об'єктивні пояснення
the working of the economy - дія, дієвість економіки
exchange of goods - обмін товарів
the purpose of the investigation is twofold - ціль дослідження двояка
to satisfy curiosity - задовольняти цікавість
circumstances - обставини
prescriptions or recommendations - розпорядження чи рекомендації
based on - заснований на
personal value judgements - суб'єктивні оцінки цінностей
detached scientists - неупереджені, незалежні вчені
whatever our political persuasion - незалежно від політичних переконань
whoever - хто б ні
whenever - коли б ні
wherever - де б ні
in the first instance - насамперед
actually - у дійсності
at this stage - на цьому етапі
there is no scope for - немає місця
on a large scope - широкомасштабно
to be concerned with - цікавитися чим-небудь, піклуватися про що-небудь
propositions of the form - формальні твердження, судження
in this regard - у цьому відношенні
to be similar to - бути схожим на
natural sciences - природничі науки
liberal arts, humanities - гуманітарні науки
in action- у дії
to be desirable - бути бажаним
to be entirely distinct - бути зовсім несхожим
substantial agreement - принципова однодумність
favourable weather conditions - сприятливі погодні умови
wheat output - виробництво пшениці
to command widespread agreement - призвести до загальної погодженості в поглядах
unresolved questions - не вирішені питання
where disagreement remains - де розбіжності продовжують існувати
research in progress - дослідження, які проводяться в даний час
new issues will arise (arose, arisen) - виникнуть нові проблеми
to provide scope for further research - створити фундамент, базу, основу для подальших досліджень
competent and comprehensive research - кваліфікована і всеосяжна дослідницька робота
outstanding issues - спірні, що залишаються невирішеними питання
corresponding claim - аналогічна заява
to claim – притендувати на що-небудь
search for objective truth - пошук об'єктивної істини
in search of smth - у пошуках чого-небудь
the elderly (syn. aged) - люди похилого віку
medical expenses - витрати на охорону здоров'я
to subsidize health bills - субсидіювати витрати на охорону здоров'я
statement (syn. assertion) - заява, твердження
to determine whether or not it's correct- визначити, чи правильно це
broadly speaking - у широкому значенні, у загальному розумінні
assertion (syn. statement) - твердження, заява
to assert - зтверджувати, заявляти
to share one's judgement (view) - розділяти судження, погляди
roughly equal amounts - приблизно рівні кількості
luxury and recreational goods - предмети розкоші і товари для відпочинку
to disagree reasonably - приводити розумні заперечення
to improve the environment - покращувати навколишнє середовище
the preferences or priorities of the individual or the society - переваги чи пріоритети окремих осіб чи суспільства в цілому
to make a choice - робити вибір
to throw light on - пролити світло на
to spell out - точно, докладно пояснити
the detailed implications - схований зміст, значення
failure - провал, невдача
to fail smth - зазнати невдачі в чому-небудь
to fail an exam - провалитися на іспиті
to seek (sought, sought) - шукати що-небудь
medical check-ups - медичні огляди
an attempt - спроба
to attempt (syn. to try) - намагатися
to detect smth - виявити, знайти
check-up facilities - обладнання для медоглядів
to suppose to do smth - припускати зробити що-небудь
to clarify smth (syn. to clear up) - пояснити що-небудь
the menu of options - набір варіантів
Assignments
1. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents
twofold; to respond to changes in circumstances; to command widespread agreement among smb; a corresponding claim; disagreement in positive economics; to be proved correct or false; to devote a great deal of resources to providing smth; to clarify the menu of options
2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms
the price of the goods will rise; favourable conditions will increase output; the new issues will arise; medical check-ups; to devote resources to smth; when the government places the tax on the goods; there would be considerable agreement
3. Find in the text the opposites to the following
subjective; lack of interest; treat as the same; involved; not to notice or see; success; confuse; general; things with no claim to consideration
4. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
1. In studying economics it is important to __ two branches of the subject.
2. Positive economics deals with __ or scientific explanations of __ the economy.
3. Normative economics offers prescriptions based on personal __.
4. Whatever our __ in the first instance we have to be concerned with how the world __ works.
5. __, positive economics is similar to the natural sciences.
6. There would be __ that the following __ of positive economics is correct: favourable weather conditions will increase __, reduce the price of wheat, and increase the consumption of wheat.
7. There are __ questions where disagreement remains.
8. New __ will arise and provide __ for further research.
9. __ and __ research can in principle resolve many of the outstanding issues in positive economics.
10. The government should __ health bills of the aged.
11. Many people might happen __ this subjective judgement.
12. Some people believe that all citizens alive today should be able to purchase roughly equal amounts of luxury goods after paying for __ of life, but other people might __.
13. It all depends on __ of the individual or the society that has to make this choice.
14. We can use positive economics __ the detailed implications of making the choice one way or the other.
15. Society might have to devote a great deal of resources to providing _.
16. Positive economics can be used __ the menu of options from which society must eventually make its normative choice.
