3.1. Грамматическое время Past Simple / Past Continuous

a) Past Simple I walked over the bridge and crossed the road. (Events in the past.) The car swerved, skidded, hit a lamp-post and turned over. The Past Simple is used in a narrative for consecutive events.

b) Past Continuous He was groaning quietly when the ambulance arrived. It was raining as I was walking up the hill on Saturday morning. The Past Continuous is used for actions in progress before, during and after other actions or events; it does not list them consecutively.

N.B. The boys sat down when the teacher came in. (First the teacher came in; then the boys sat down.) The boys were sitting down when the teacher came in. (They were already in their seats before the teacher came in.)

3.2. Наречия much / many и конструкция a lot of

We haven't got many eggs. Will you need much money?

There isn't much cooking fat.

Are there many people here? There was a lot of blood on his face. We've had a lot of visitors this year. The one-word quantity expressions 'much' and 'many' are usually found only in negative and interrogative sentences.

In affirmative sentences simple quantity is normally expressed with 'a lot of' or one of these: lots of, plenty of, a great deal of, a (large) number of, a great many, a (large) quantity of.

There weren't many people in sight. A number of people gathered round. I used to have a great many friends. Many, a great many, a (large) number of are used only with countable nouns in the plural.

There wasn't much traffic. There wasn't a great deal we could do. A large amount of money was stolen by the thieves. Much, a great deal of, a large amount of, a (large) quantity of are used with uncountable nouns and take a singular verb.

A lot of blood.	A lot of people.
Lots of money.	Lots of things.
Plenty of cocoa.	Plenty of biscuits.

A lot of, lots of (generally spoken English only) and plenty of can be used with uncountable or countable nouns.

3.3. Восклицательные предложения What ... ! / What a ... ! / How ... !

What beautiful weather! What wild things young men are! What a good idea! What a splendid summer we've had! In these exclamations 'what' is used with uncountable nouns and plurals, 'what a' with countable nouns in the singular. Note that a subject-and-verb structure may be present at the end of the exclamation.

How awful! How madly he drives! 'How' is used in similar exclamations with adjectives and adverbs.

3.4. Предлоги времени at / on / in

at six o'clock at five past two at midnight 'At' generally refers to exact (clock) time.

on Thursday on September the tenth on Christmas Eve 'On' generally refers to a particular day.

in August in the spring in 1972 in the 19th century 'In' generally refers to longer periods.

Note, however, that there are a lot of idiomatic expressions of time, e. g. at once, at last, at breakfast, at the weekend, at night, in the daytime (but during the day), in the morning, in the end, on time.

Lexic

rain heavily - сильный дождь It rarely rains heavily in England — just often!

in sight - в поле зрения The boat was not in sight when we reached the harbour.

have difficulty in - затрудняться в чем-л. Eva has difficulty in remembering all her husbands. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в письменной речи

turn over – перевертываться, опрокидываться Several boats turned over in the strong wind.

at once - сразу The teacher called, and the boy came at once.

take care of – заботиться о ком-л., смотреть за кем-л. "You'll take care of my dog while I'm away, won't you?"

come round – приходить в себя The boxer didn't come round for ten minutes after the fight.

at high speed - на высокой скорости Modern planes can travel at extremely high speeds.

enquire about – осведомляться, спрашивать о ком-чем-л. They enquired about the trains at the station. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в письменной речи

after all - в конце концов The weather looked bad, but we didn't need coats after all.

get over - оправиться (после болезни) He had 'flu for weeks, but finally he got over it.

complain about - жаловаться на кого-что-л. Bill often complains about his job.

by the way - между прочим "By the way, have you seen Bill lately?" Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

flat out – изо всех сил "Your car isn't safe when you drive it flat out." Выражение употребляется только в разговорной речи

get married – жениться, вступить в брак They were only seventeen when they got married.

fancy that – Подумать только! "Eva's got a new boyfriend." "Well, fancy that!" Выражение употребляется только в разговорной речи

at this rate – в таком темпе "Walk faster. We'll miss the bus at this rate." Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

as a matter of fact – на самом деле, в сущности "I said I wanted two, but as a matter of fact I'll need four." Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

be left - оставаться They hurried because there was little time left.

hold on - Подождите. "Hold on a minute — I'll fetch my pen." Выражение употребляется только в разговорной речи

run out of – истощить запас чего-л. I ran out of money before the end of the holiday.

short of – имеющий недостаток в чем-л. "We're short of cash, so you'd better write a cheque."

pick up - забирать "Look after my case. I'll come and pick it up later." Выражение употребляется только в разговорной речи

do a favour - сделать одолжение, оказать любезность I'm grateful to John. He's done me several favours. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

do business - заниматься бизнесом I never do business with friends.

Text one

A road accident

It was raining heavily as I was walking up the hill towards the station at six o'clock on a Saturday morning.

At this early hour there wasn't much traffic and there weren't many people in sight.

Just as I was crossing the road near the top of the hill, a car came round the corner.

It was travelling very fast and the driver was obviously having difficulty in controlling it.

Suddenly it swerved violently, skidded on the wet road, hit a lamp-post and turned over.

At once I ran to the car to assist the driver, but he was unconscious and there was a lot of blood on his face.

A young woman hurried into the station and phoned for an ambulance while I took care of the driver.

A number of other people gathered round the car, but there wasn't a great deal we could do.

A policeman arrived a few minutes later and asked me a lot of questions about the accident.

Shortly afterwards the man came round, and he was groaning quietly when the ambulance arrived at high speed and rushed him away to hospital.

On Monday morning I went to the hospital to enquire about the man.

They told me that his injuries were not serious after all and that he was rapidly getting over the effects of the accident.

Дорожное происшествие

Шел проливной дождь, когда я в субботу в шесть часов утра поднимался по холму к вокзалу.

В этот ранний час движение было неинтенсивным, и людей было мало.

Как раз, когда я пересекал дорогу недалеко от вершины холма, какой-то автомобиль вывернул из-за угла.

Он двигался очень быстро, и водитель, очевидно, имел затруднения в управлении им.

Внезапно он резко свернул, заюзил по мокрой дороге, стукнулся о фонарный столб и перевернулся.

Я тотчас же бросился к автомобилю помочь водителю, но он был без сознания, и все его лицо было залито кровью.

Какая-то молодая женщина поспешила на станцию и вызвала скорую помощь, пока я оказывал помощь водителю.

Несколько других человек обступили машину, но ничем больше помочь было нельзя.

Через несколько минут прибыл полицейский и задал мне много вопросов об аварии.

Чуть позже мужчина очнулся, и тихо стонал, пока прибывшая на большой скорости неотложка не умчала его в госпиталь.

В понедельник утром я сходил в госпиталь узнать о состоянии этого мужчины.

Там мне сказали, что его ранения оказались неопасными и он быстро оправляется от последствий несчастного случая.

Text two

A little gossip

Mrs. Jones

Good morning, Mrs. Smith.

What beautiful weather again!

Mrs. Smith

Yes, lovely!

What a splendid summer we've had so far this year!

Mrs. Jones

Yes, but some people are complaining about the heat and grumbling because we haven't had much rain for the gardens.

Mrs. Smith

Some people are never satisfied.

Mrs. Jones

By the way, have you heard that young Patrick Ellis has had another accident in his car?

Mrs. Smith

How awful!

Is he badly hurt?

Mrs. Jones

Well, they took him to hospital but I don't think it was serious because he's coming home again today.

Mrs. Smith

I suppose he was driving flat out again.

Only yesterday I was telling Mrs. Tailor how madly he drives.

And all his friends are just the same.

Mrs. Jones

I know.

What wild things young men are these days!

Mrs. Smith

Mm...

I've got some news for you, too.

Have you heard that Eva Browning is getting married for the third time on September the tenth?

Mrs. Jones

Fancy that!

She only got her second divorce in the spring.

What a dreadful woman she is!

Mrs. Smith

Her first marriage only lasted six months — and that was only in 1972, wasn't it?

Mrs. Jones

Yes, that's right.

At this rate she'll lose count of her husbands before she's forty.

Mrs. Smith

She may lose count, Mrs. Jones but we certainly won't.

Маленькая сплетня

Миссис Джонс

Доброе утро, миссис Смит.

Какая чудесная погода опять!

Миссис Смит

Да, прекрасная!

Какое великолепное лето было в этом году!

Миссис Джонс

Да, но некоторые люди жалуются на жару и брюзжат на то, что для садов дождей было мало.

Миссис Смит

Некоторым людям никогда не угодишь.

Миссис Джонс

Кстати, Вы слышали, что молодой Патрик Эллис снова попал в аварию на своем авто?

Миссис Смит

Какой ужас!

Он здорово расшибся?

Миссис Джонс

Ну, его увезли в госпиталь, но я не думаю, чтобы было серьезно, потому что сегодня он уже выписывается.

Миссис Смит

Полагаю, он опять носился как сумасшедший.

Только вчера я рассказывала миссис Тейлор, как безумно он ездит.

И все его друзья такие же.

Миссис Джонс

Я знаю.

Какая дикая эта нынешняя молодежь!

Миссис Смит

М-м...

У меня тоже есть для Вас кое-какие новости.

Вы слышали, что 10-го сентября Ева Браунинг в третий раз выходит замуж?

Миссис Джонс

Подумать только!

Она только весной развелась со своим вторым.

Какая она ужасная женщина!

Миссис Смит

Ее первое замужество продолжалось всего шесть месяцев — и это ведь было в 1972 году, не так ли?

Миссис Джонс

Ну да, это так.

Так она потеряет счет своим мужьям еще до того, как ей стукнет сорок.

Миссис Смит

Она, возможно, и собьется со счета, миссис Джонс, но мы-то, определенно, нет.

Text three

A few errands

Felix

I'm just going down to the shops to buy some cigarettes, Gertie.

Do you want anything while I'm there?

Gertie

Yes, what a good idea!

There are a lot of things I need, as a matter of fact.

Let me see...

We haven't got many eggs left, so bring a dozen large ones.

And there isn't much cooking-fat in the jar, so bring a pound of lard.

And...

Felix

Hold on!

If you want me to get a lot of things, write them down on a piece of paper, or I'll forget something.

Gertie

All right.

But wait a minute, while I look in the other cupboard to see what we need.

Felix

Hurry up, then!

I want to call in for a chat with Gerry on the way back.

Gertie

We've got plenty of cocoa, but we've nearly run out of coffee and there isn't great deal of tea left; bring a large tin of instant and a quarter pound of tea.

Oh!

And I want some ham.

Felix

How much?

Gertie

Half a pound will do.

We're short of vegetables, too; bring some beans, and a tin of carrots...

Felix

I only wanted to go out for a stroll and a chat.

I'll need a lorry to bring all that home.

Gertie

Here's the list.

Oh, and you can pick up my coat at the dry-cleaner's while you're passing.

And do me a favour while you're at Gerry's: ask Pam if she's free on Thursday morning.

We're having a meeting at ten o'clock about the tennis-club dance in August.

Felix

Do you mind if I have half an a hour to myself after I've done all your business for you?

Несколько поручений

Феликс

Я сейчас иду в магазин покупать сигареты, Герти.

Тебе что-нибудь там нужно?

Герти

Да, отличная мысль!

Мне, в самом деле, необходимо много вещей.

Дай-ка я подумаю...

У нас осталось мало яиц, так что принеси дюжину больших.

И в банке больше нет кулинарного жира, так что принеси фунт свиного сала.

И...

Феликс

Погоди!

Если ты хочешь, чтобы я купил много всего, запиши на бумаге, или я что-нибудь забуду.

Герти

Договорились.

Подожди-ка, пока я загляну в другой буфет, чтобы узнать, что нам нужно.

Феликс

Тогда поторопись!

Я хочу забежать поболтать с Джерри на обратном пути.

Герти

У нас достаточно какао, но у нас почти не осталось кофе и не очень много чая; принеси большую банку растворимого и четверть фунта чая.

Да!

И мне нужна ветчина.

Феликс

Сколько?

Герти

Полфунта будет достаточно.

С овощами у нас тоже плохо; принеси немного фасоли и банку моркови...

Феликс

Я хотел всего лишь прогуляться и поболтать.

Мне понадобится грузовик, чтобы доставить все это домой.

Герти

Вот список.

О, и можешь получить мое пальто из химчистки, когда будешь проходить мимо.

И окажи мне любезность, когда будешь у Джерри: спроси Пэм, будет ли она свободна в четверг утром.

На десять часов у нас назначена встреча по поводу августовского бала в теннис-клубе.

Феликс

Не возражаешь, если у меня будет полчаса свободного времени для себя, после того как я выполню все твои поручения?

Exercise 1

Ответьте на вопрос, используя предложенные слова или выражения. Напишите свой ответ.

ПРИМЕР

   Вопрос: I'm sitting down now. - And when I came in?  No.

 Ответ: No, I wasn't sitting down when you came in.

Вопрос:

He isn't living in a flat now. - And a year ago? Yes.

 Ответ:

Вопрос:

John's learning French now. - And last year? No.

 Ответ:

Вопрос:

The sun's shining now. - And when you got up? No.

 Ответ:

Вопрос:

He's talking to John now. - And when you saw him? No.

 Ответ:

Вопрос:

I'm not doing my homework now. - And when I phoned? Yes.

 Ответ:

Вопрос:

They aren't sleeping now. - And when the Smiths arrived? Yes.

 Ответ:

Exercise 2

Измените фразу в соответствии с примером.

ПРИМЕР

   Фраза: She's very beautiful.

 Ответ: How beautiful she is!

Фраза:

It's terrible weather!

 Ответ:

Фраза:

He eats very quickly.

 Ответ:

Фраза:

He's a greedy boy.

 Ответ:

Фраза:

They're trying very hard.

 Ответ:

Фраза:

That's awful news.

 Ответ:

Фраза:

It's very heavy.

 Ответ:

Exercise 3

Прочтите фразу. Измените ее в соответствии с примером, используя данные слова и выражения. Напишите свой ответ.

ПРИМЕР

    Фраза: I made the tea. John cleaned the car.

 Ответ: I was making the tea while John was cleaning the car.

Фраза:  It rained. I walked up the hill.

Ответ:

Фраза:  They watched television. I wrote some letters.

Ответ:

Фраза:  You talked to Mary. I talked to John.

Ответ

Фраза:  I had a holiday. He worked hard.

Ответ:

Фраза:  You had a bath. The girls washed the dishes.

Ответ:

Фраза:  Mary got ready. John fetched the car.

Ответ:

Exercise 4

Прочтите вопрос. Ответьте на него в соответствии с примером, используя данные слова и выражения. Напишите свой ответ.

ПРИМЕР

 Вопрос: Have you got any money? or time?

 Ответ: I haven't got much money, but I've got a lot of time.

Вопрос: Have they met any boys? or girls?

Ответ:

Вопрос: Do they eat any fish? or meat?

Ответ:

Вопрос: Did he catch any fish? or boots?

Ответ:

Вопрос: Do they plant any trees? or flowers?

Ответ:

Вопрос: Has he got any hair? or teeth?

Ответ:

Вопрос: Did he drink any wine? or beer?

Ответ:

Exercise 5

Прочтите фразу. Измените ее в соответствии с примером, используя союзы just as / because. Напишите свой ответ.

ПРИМЕР

   Фраза: The doorbell rang. He left the house.

 Ответ: The doorbell rang just as he was leaving the house.

Фраза:  He had an accident. He drove too fast.

Ответ:

Фраза:  He went out. I came in.

Ответ:

Фраза:  He got wet. It rained.

Ответ:

Фраза:  It started to rain. I set off.

Ответ:

Фраза:  He didn't see the bus. He looked at the map.

Ответ:

Фраза:  He didn't see the bus. He looked at the map.

Ответ:

Exercise 6

Прочтите фразу. Поставьте глагол, данный в скобках, в Past Continuous / Past Simple.

ПРИМЕР

   Фраза: The students (talk) excitedly when the teacher (come) in.  Ответ: The students were talking excitedly when the teacher came in.

Фраза: They (stop) at once when the teacher (speak).

Ответ: They _____­­­­­ at once when the teacher _____

Фраза: He (walk) across the room.

Ответ: He _____ across the room.

Фраза: Then he (begin) to write questions on the blackboard.

Ответ: Then he _____ to write questions on the blackboard.

Фраза:	While he (write), the students (take) out their pens and (prepare) themselves for the test.
Ответ:	While he _____the students _____out their pens and _____ themselves for the test.

Фраза: The teacher (finish) writing, (sit) down and (open) a book.

Ответ: The teacher _____writing _____down and _____a book.

Фраза: He (read) his book the whole time while the students (answer) the questions.

Ответ: He _____ his book the whole time while the students _____the questions.

Exercise 7

Прочтите фразу. Измените ее в соответствии с примером, поставив глагол в отрицательную форму и используя much / many. Впишите свой ответ.

ПРИМЕР

   Фраза: I've got a lot of time.

 Ответ: I haven't got much time.

Фраза:  There are a lot of people in the street.

Ответ:

Фраза:  There are a lot of people in the street.

Ответ:

Фраза: The people were spending a lot of money.

Ответ:

Фраза: He gave me lots of help.

Ответ:

Фраза: They've got plenty of whisky.

Ответ:

Фраза: He can drink a great deal of wine.

Ответ:

Exercise 8

Прочтите фразу. Впишите пропущенные предлоги on / at / in / until / from / to.

ПРИМЕР

   Фраза: He came to London _____ 13th June and left again _____September.

Ответ: He came to London on 13th June and left again in September.

Фраза: They went out _____ half past one; they'll be back _____ten minutes.

Фраза: He plays cricket _____summer and football _____winter.

Фраза: He always leaves early _____ the morning and comes back late _____night.

Фраза: He was born _____ the nineteenth century.

Фраза: I am working _____six o’clock _____Friday evening.

Фраза: He's busy _____present. He’ll see you _____30 minutes’ time.

Exercise 9

Прочтите фразу и измените ее в соответствии с примером. Напишите свои ответы.

 ПРИМЕР

   Фраза: The weather is really lovely.  Ответ: How lovely the weather is!

Ответ: What lovely weather!

Фраза: That man is very fat. Ответ:

Ответ:

Фраза: Those houses are very old. Ответ:

Ответ:

Фраза: That boy is really clever.

Ответ:

Ответ:

Фраза: This tea is very strong.

Ответ:

Ответ:

Фраза: Those people are really funny.

Ответ:

Ответ:

Фраза: These roses are really beautiful.

Ответ:

Ответ:

Exercise 10

Прочтите фразы. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово или выражение.

a number of, a great deal of, many, much, plenty of, lots of, a quantity of

Фраза: I had _____work to do.

Фраза: I didn't have _____time to waste.

Фраза: My son began to ask _____questions.

Фраза: I told him he had _____toys to play with.

Фраза: I took _____ magazines from my desk.

Фраза: There was _____ noise coming from the street.

Exercise 11

Прочтите фразу. Выберите подходящий по смыслу предлог: with, at, about, to, in, over, after, for, up, down, as, by, round, out

Фраза: She often complains _____the weather.

Фраза: I am having difficulty _____ hearing what you say.

Фраза: I'll pick you _____ at seven o'clock and we'll go to the cinema.

Фраза: There's a man at the door enquiring _____you.

Фраза: After the accident he didn't come _____for twenty minutes.

Фраза: There was no other car _____sight.

LESSON 4