2.1. Грамматическое время Present Perfect / Past Simple

а) Present Perfect I've read "War and Peace". (Action completed before now.) I've already been there twice. (We are not concerned with when.) He has worked in Greece for the last three years. (He is still there.) All actions began in the past. If they have been completed, the fact is relevant now but the time is not.

She's never seen the sea. The Present Perfect often occurs with 'just, yet, already, never, ever, so far, up to now'.

N.B. I haven't seen it this week. I didn't see it last week. I haven't had a holiday this year. I didn't have one last year.

b) Past Simple I've already been there. Have you ever been? I've just finished. I've been six times up to now. So far he hasn't regretted it.

I wore the tie on Saturday. (Action performed in the past.) He read Hamlet last week. (A specified time.)

We are often told when the action happened, with a time adverbial. I haven't done any work today. I didn't do any work yesterday.

2.2. Предлоги since / for / ago

I haven't worn it since Saturday. (From Saturday till now.) We haven't seen John since he got married. (From that day to this.) 'Since' — from the given point in past time until now — is used with the Present Perfect, not the Past Simple.

He has lived in France for two years. (He is still there.) He lived in Spain for two years from 1968 to 1970. (He is no longer there.) 'For' — during the given period or length of time — is used with the Present Perfect when the period of time is up to now, and with the Simple Past when the period finished in the past.

I went to Ireland two years ago. I'm afraid he left five minutes ago. 'Ago' at a point the given length of time before now — is used with the Simple Past.

2.3. Конструкции have been to / have gone to

I have been to Australia. (I went in the past but am no longer there.) He has been in Australia for two years. (He is still there.) He has gone to Mexico. (He went there and he is still there.) N.B. He has been to Y means He went to Y and then left again.

2.4. Порядок слов в предложении

You threw it carelessly into the wardrobe after the party.

1

2

3

4a

4b

4c

The most common word order in an English sentence is 1) subject      2) verb     3) object      4) adverbials.

When there are several adverbials the normal order is a) manner      b) place      c) time.

In the morning he left the house quietly by the back door. On Tuesday you went out with Jim. A time adverbial is often placed at the beginning of the sentence, to give balance when there are many, or to give it special emphasis.

He came to the office by taxi that morning. I went to Ireland in a fishing boat two years ago. Verbs of movement — come, go, run etc. — are often followed immediately by the place adverbial. Manner adverbials, especially if they consist of several words, move further down the sentence.

You came in at two o'clock in the morning on Tuesday. I last saw Jill one afternoon in September over three years ago. Multiple time adverbials are listed in order of detail, beginning with the most precise.

Lexic

good at – умелый, способный к чему-л. I'm not very good at games.

by chance – случайно Quite by chance I met an old friend in Oxford Street.

interested in - интересующийся чем-л. Peter is interested in foreign languages.

specialise in - специализироваться по чему-л. This restaurant specialises in French food.

get on with - уживаться, ладить с кем-л. I like my job, but I don't get on with my boss. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

adjust to – приспособиться, привыкнуть к чему-л. We all have to adjust to new situations.

at the end of - в конце чего-л. The bus stops at the end of the street.

make up (my) mind – решить(ся) I suddenly made up my mind to emigrate.

think of - думать о чем-л. Peter is thinking of leaving for America.

have a good time - хорошо, весело проводить время I had a good time at the party last night. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

well off – состоятельный, обеспеченный You can take exotic holidays if you're well off. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

hard up – сильно нуждающийся (в деньгах), в трудном положении I'm rather hard up so I can't buy her a present. Выражение употребляется только в разговорной речи

do up – приводить в порядок, ремонтировать They did up our office last week. It looks nice now. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

in the end - в конце концов, в конечном счете In the end I found the letter after searching for hours.

pay a visit - посетить, навестить My brother paid me a visit last week.

decide on - выбрать I liked the red dress, but finally I decided on the blue one.

call in on – навестить, забежать We called in on Uncle Tom while we were in Bristol.

put up – принимать, давать приют "Don't all go to a hotel. We can easily put up some of you here." Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

get on – делать успехи, преуспевать "Hello, John. How are you getting on?" "Fine, thanks." Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

look for - искать "If you look for it carefully, you'll find it."

tidy up – убирать, приводить в порядок Mike never tidies up his room.

put away - убирать, откладывать The pupils put their books away after the lesson.

a good job - хорошо "It's raining. It's a good job I've got my umbrella!" Выражение употребляется только в разговорной речи

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