9.1. Грамматическое время Past Perfect / Past Perfect Continuous

a) Past Perfect He could see the cow only dimly because he had lost his glasses. (1: he lost his glasses; 2: he saw the cow.) He realised that he had made a blunder. (c. f. "I realise I have made ... ") They arrived at 3p.m., but the match had started at 2. 30p.m. This tense is used for an action completed before another action, or a specified time, in the past. (c. f. the Present Perfect. Programme 2 Note 1 (a).)

b) Past Perfect Continuous He had been walking for five minutes when he fell over again. (1: he began walking; (5 min. Later) 2: still walking, he fell.) He had been writing reports all day, and he was asleep when I came home. (1: he began early; 2: he finished late and fell asleep; 3: I came home and saw him.) The Continuous form usually indicates an action which began in the past and continued for a period up to a second action in the past. Sometimes the first action was complete before the second took place, but the effects were still apparent.

9.2. Наречия hardly / scarcely / no sooner

a) hardly They had hardly kicked off when it began to rain. He had scarcely been walking for 5 minutes when he fell over. 'Hardly', 'scarcely', and (less common) 'barely' mean 'almost not' and are often used with the Past Perfect, followed by 'when'.

b) scarcely / no sooner He had no sooner set out than he became engrossed in reading. 'No sooner' is similar in meaning but it is followed by 'than'.

9.3. Союзы both ... And / neither ... Nor / either ... Or / not only ... But (also ... As well)

He lost both his book and his glasses. (He lost his book. He lost his glasses.) Neither Ford nor Evans is up to it. (Ford isn't up to it. Evans isn't up to it) He either falls over or passes it to the opposition. (He falls over. He passes it to the opposition.) It was neither skilful nor exciting. (It wasn't skilful. It wasn't exciting.) He is not only absent-minded but short-sighted (as well.) (He is absent-minded. He is short-sighted.) We learned neither easily nor quickly. (We didn't learn easily. We didn't learn quickly.) These pairs of words can join sentences by connecting nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

9.4. Придаточные предложения времени с союзами after / before

a) after After he had seized his umbrella, he struck the object. (After) seizing his umbrella, he struck the object. (1: he seized; 2: he struck.) (After) having seized his umbrella, he struck the object. After it had stopped raining, he left. The '... ing' method can be used only when the subject of the two verbs is the same. N.B. 'After' may be omitted when the '-ing' phrase comes first.

b) before They had studied German before they came to Germany. (1: they studied; 2: they came.) They had studied German before coming to Germany. 'Before' cannot be omitted, and only the first '-ing' form is generally used.

Lexic

busy with – быть занятым чем-л. We're too busy with our own work to help you.

go on - происходить "What's going on? Is anything wrong?"

engrossed in - погрузиться, углубиться во что-л. Malcolm was engrossed in a history book when I arrived. Выражение употребляется только в письменной речи

bump into - наткнуться на кого-что-л. He bumped into a chair as he walked across the dark room.

fall down / over - упасть He tripped and fell over.

Beg your pardon. - Извините. "I beg your pardon. I didn't mean to interrupt you." Выражение употребляется в формальной устной речи

concentrate on - сосредоточить внимание на чем-л. If you concentrate on these points you will soon improve.

pay attention to - уделить внимание чему-л. James never pays attention to what the teacher says. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в письменной речи

in anger - в ярости, зло He shouted in anger when the boy refused to do what he said.

with horror - с ужасом He noticed with horror that the man had a gun.

flee from - убегать от кого-л. The people fled from the invading army. Выражение употребляется только в письменной речи

agree with - соглашаться с кем-чем-л. John never agrees with his brother about anything.

pelt with rain – лить (о дожде) "You can't go yet. It's still pelting with rain." Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

off / on form - не / в форме When Andrews is off form the whole team plays badly. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

can't help - не мочь не делать что-л. I'm so happy that I can't help singing. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

make out - разобрать His writing is so bad that I can't make out a word.

up to it – быть способным делать что-л. You can't do this exercise. You're not up to it yet. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

covered with - покрыто чем-л. His clothes were covered with mud when he came in.

worn out - очень уставший They were worn out after the long walk. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

give a miss - пропускать "I'm tired. I'll give the party a miss tonight." Выражение употребляется только в разговорной речи

laugh at - смеяться над кем-чем-л. It's rude to laugh at people to their faces.

brush up – освежать знания I must brush up my French or I'll forget everything. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

keep it up - выдержать Malcolm is working hard. I hope he can keep it up. Выражение употребляется преимущественно в разговорной речи

Text one

Blunders

English Homework

James Fielding

Professor Bumble

Professor Bumble is not only absentminded but short-sighted as well.

His mind is always busy with learned thoughts and he seldom noticed what is going or around him.

One fine day recently he went for a stroll in the countryside, but, as always he had a book in his hand, and he had no sooner set out for his walk that he became engrossed in reading.

He hadn't gone far when he blumped into a massive cow and fell down.

He had lost his spectacles in the fall, and he though the had slumbled over a fat lady.

"I bed your pardon, madam", he said politely before searching for his glasses.

As soon as he had put them on, he realised his mistake.

Soon he was concentrating on his book again and paying no attention to anything else.

He had scarcely been walking for five minutes when he fell over again, losing both his book and his glasses.

This time he became furious seising his umbrella, he struck the "cow" in anger.

Then, after feinding his glasses, he realised with horror that he had made a second blunder.

A large fat woman was fleeing from him in terror.

Промахи

Домашняя работа по английскому языку

Джеймс Филдинг

Профессор Бамбл

Профессор Бамбл не только рассеянный, но еще и близорукий.

Его мысли всегда заняты научными размышлениями, и он редко замечает, что происходит вокруг него.

Недавно, в один прекрасный день, он отправился на прогулку за город, и, как всегда, нес в руке книгу; и, как только он вышел из дома, сразу погрузился в чтение.

Он ушел недалеко, когда врезался в огромную корову и упал.

Падая, он потерял свои очки и подумал, что он столкнулся с толстой дамой.

"Прошу прощения, мадам," — сказал он вежливо, прежде чем нашел свои очки.

Как только он надел их, он понял свою ошибку.

Вскоре он опять ушел в свою книгу и перестал обращать внимание на что-либо.

Не прошло и пяти минут, как он опять споткнулся, уронив книгу и очки.

На этот раз он разгневался, схватил свой зонтик и в гневе ткнул "корову".

Затем, отыскав очки, он, к своему ужасу, обнаружил, что допустил вторую ошибку.

Огромная толстая женщина в страхе бежала от него.

Text two

Loyal fans

Ted

What did you think of the game, Bill?

Bill

Dreadful!

It was neither exciting nor skilful.

Ted

I agree with you.

Of course the weather didn't help.

They'd hardly kicked off when it started to pelt with rain.

Our team are useless in the mud, and they were off form anyway.

Bill

Some of our team can't play football in either wet or dry conditions, and I've never seen them on form.

I can't help laughing when I watch old Ford.

Every time he gets the ball he either falls over or passes it to the opposition.

I can't make out why they pick him.

Ted

He's too old really.

He'd already been playing in the team for about ten years when I became a supporter — and that was eight years ago.

Bill

Evans isn't much better.

He's not only too slow, he's scared to tackle as well.

Ted

Yes, he's always afraid of getting injured.

Neither Ford nor Evans is up to it.

We need two new defenders and a new forward too.

Bill

But the management is too mean to spend money either or new players or on improving the ground.

Ted

Yes, that's true.

The pitch is a disgrace.

It isn't flat and the drains don't work.

Every time it rains the pitch is covered with great puddles of water.

Bill

What we need, Ted, is not only new players but a new manager and a new pitch as well.

Then perhaps we could win promotion to the Third Division.

Преданные болельщики

Тэд

Ну, что ты думаешь об игре, Билл?

Билл

Ужасно!

Она не была ни волнующей, ни красивой.

Тэд

Согласен с тобой.

Разумеется, погода не способствовала.

Едва они начали игру, как дождь полил как из ведра.

Наша команда всегда беспомощна в этой слякоти, и они были не в форме.

Билл

Кое-кто из нашей команды не может играть в футбол ни в сырых, ни в сухих условиях, и я никогда не видел их в форме.

Я не могу сдержать смех, когда вижу старого Форда.

Каждую игру, когда мяч оказывается у него, он либо спотыкается, либо передает его противнику.

Не могу взять в толк, отчего они берут его в команду.

Тэд

Он действительно слишком стар.

Он уже играл в команде 10 лет, когда я стал болельщиком, — а это было 8 лет назад.

Билл

Эванс не лучше.

Он не только слишком медлителен, но, к тому же, боится играть в нападении.

Тэд

Да, он всегда боится ушибиться.

Ни Форд, ни Эванс не на высоте.

Нам требуются два новых защитника и новый нападающий тоже.

Билл

Но правление слишком скупо, чтобы расходовать деньги либо на новых игроков, либо на улучшение площадки.

Тэд

Да, это так.

Поле безобразно.

Оно неровное, и дренаж не работает.

Каждый раз во время дождя поле покрывается огромными лужами.

Билл

Что нам требуется, Тэд, это не только новые игроки, но еще и новый менеджер, и новый хороший рывок.

Тогда, вероятно, мы могли бы выиграть продвижение в третью лигу.

Text three

Linguistic talent

Betty

Why weren't you at the German class last night, Joan?

Have you given up?

Joan

Well, no...

I came back late yesterday and found Simon asleep in the chair.

He'd been writing reports all day long and he was too worn out to go out again, so we gave the lesson a miss.

Betty

You've missed quite a lot of lessons lately, haven't you?

Are you losing your enthusiasm?

Joan

Yes, I'm afraid so.

Neither Simon nor I have a gift for languages.

People just laugh at us when we attempt to speak German.

How did you and Eric pick it up so quickly and easily?

You've hardly been in Germany a month.

Betty

It was neither quick nor easy, I assure you.

We'd both studied the language before we came, and we only needed to brush it up a bit.

Joan

Anyway, all our friends here speak English fluently so we don't really need to learn German.

Betty

Well, Eric and I have been both learning and teaching languages for years and we enjoy it immensely.

Joan

Well, keep it up!

I'm all for teaching foreigners English, if it saves me the trouble of learning foreign languages myself.

Лингвистический талант

Бетти

Отчего вы не были вчера на занятиях по немецкому языку, Джоан?

Вы бросили?

Джоан

Ну, нет...

Вчера я поздно вернулась и застала Саймона спящим в кресле.

Весь день он писал отчеты и был сильно изнурен, чтобы куда-то идти, так что нам пришлось пропустить занятие.

Бетти

В последнее время вы пропустили довольно много занятий, не так ли?

Вы теряете энтузиазм?

Джоан

Да, боюсь, что так.

Ни Саймон, ни я не имеем способностей к языкам.

Люди просто смеются над нами, когда мы пытаемся говорить по-немецки.

Как тебе и Эрику он дался так быстро и легко?

Вы едва месяц побыли в Германии.

Бетти

Это не было ни быстро, ни просто, уверяю тебя.

Мы оба изучали язык еще до того, как приехали сюда, и нам потребовалось лишь слегка подзаняться им.

Джоан

В любом случае, все наши друзья здесь бегло говорят по-английски, так что нам действительно не требуется изучать немецкий язык.

Бетти

Ну, мы оба — Эрик и я — изучаем и преподаем языки уже несколько лет с огромным удовольствием.

Джоан

Ну, успеха!

Я целиком уйду в преподавание английского языка иностранцам, если это спасет меня от изучения иностранных языков самой.

LESSON 10