- •Advanced english course введение
- •Главные цели курса
- •Материалы
- •Обучение
- •Практика
- •1.1. Грамматическое время Present Continuous / Present Simple
- •1.2. Неопределенный артикль a и местоимения some / any
- •1.3. Конструкция there is / there are и местоимение it в начале предложения
- •1.4. Место наречий в предложении
- •Exercises
- •2.1. Грамматическое время Present Perfect / Past Simple
- •2.2. Предлоги since / for / ago
- •2.3. Конструкции have been to / have gone to
- •2.4. Порядок слов в предложении
- •Interviewer
- •Interviewer
- •Exercises
- •3.1. Грамматическое время Past Simple / Past Continuous
- •3.2. Наречия much / many и конструкция a lot of
- •3.3. Восклицательные предложения What ... ! / What a ... ! / How ... !
- •3.4. Предлоги времени at / on / in
- •4.1. Грамматическое время Present Perfect Continuous
- •4.2. Наречия very / too / enough
- •4.3. Притяжательный падеж
- •4.4. Определенный артикль the
- •5.1. Неофициальное письмо
- •5.2. Наречия little / few и конструкции a little / a few
- •5.3. Прямое дополнение, косвенное дополнение
- •5.4. Предлоги направления, движения и местоположения
- •6.1. Грамматическое время Future Simple и конструкция going to
- •6.2. Грамматическое время Present Simple для выражения будущего
- •6.3. Выражения отрицания no / none / not any
- •6.4. Местоимения one / ones / it / them / some /any
- •7.1. Грамматическое время Future Continuous
- •7.2. Определенный артикль при имени собственном
- •7.3. Every / a / per для выражения периодичных действий
- •7.4. Переход наречий и глаголов в разряд существительных
- •7.5. Вопросительные местоимения и наречия
- •In luck
- •8.1. Конструкция used to и глагол would
- •8.2. Глагол use и конструкции used to / be used to / get used to
- •8.3. Конструкции с местоимением any
- •9.1. Грамматическое время Past Perfect / Past Perfect Continuous
- •9.2. Наречия hardly / scarcely / no sooner
- •9.3. Союзы both ... And / neither ... Nor / either ... Or / not only ... But (also ... As well)
- •9.4. Придаточные предложения времени с союзами after / before
- •10.1. Неофициальное письмо
- •10.3. Прилагательные после глаголов чувства и изменения состояния
- •10.4. Определенный артикль the
- •11.1. Грамматическое время Future Perfect / Future Perfect Continuous
- •11.2. Наречия и местоимения с частицей ever
6.1. Грамматическое время Future Simple и конструкция going to
a) Конструкция going to I'm going to get up early tomorrow. I'm going to cut the hedge. These are personal intentions, or plans for the future.
It's going to rain. (Look at that cloud!) That boy is going to fall. (I'm sure he is.) Certainty about a future event is often expressed with 'going to'.
I'm not going to take it to the garage. We're not going to pay for it. (We refuse to do so.) You're not going to bring her, and that's final. (The speaker forbids it.) 'Not going to' often indicates refusal, or, with 'you', prohibition.
b) Future Simple I'll come next week. I shall not consider the matter further. We won't be long now. We shall proceed with our enquiries. In modern spoken English, 'will', 'll' and 'won't' are used more than 'shall' and 'shan't' after 'I' and 'we'. In more formal English first person statements, 'shall' and 'shall not' are more frequently used.
He'll do it. (He is willing.) I'll put it right. We'll help you. The 'will' future often indicates willingness, a promise or an offer.
It won't start. (It refuses to start.) We won't pay.
They won't help. 'Won't often indicates refusal or unwillingness, after all persons ('I', 'be', 'they' etc.)
Shall we adjust the clutch? (Do you think it's a good idea?) Shall I fill it up? (Do you want me to?) 'Shall' questions, in the first person, are suggestions or offers.
Will you pass me that spanner, please? Will you do me a favour? 'Will you' questions are often polite requests.
If I have time, I'll (I'm going to) mow the lawn. He'll (he's going to) come round as soon as he finishes lunch. In the afternoon I'm going to (I'll) polish the car. In complex sentences, especially after 'if or a time clause, the 'will' future is more commonly used; in simple sentences, 'going to' occurs more often.
He'll remember soon. It'll seem strange. They'll understand. Be quiet, she'll hear us.
'Going to' is less often found with the special verbs not normally used in Continuous tenses (see Programme 1 Note 1).
I'll meet him tomorrow. (A new promise.) I'm going to meet him tomorrow. (As arranged.) Are you going to have more tea? (Do you intend to?) Will you have more tea? (I am offering more.) Why won't he come with us? (Why has he refused?) Why isn't he going to come with us? (What prevents him?) Often the substitution of one form for the other makes a clear difference to the meaning.
He'll know what's wrong. She'll recognise him when she sees him. Sometimes the substitution cannot be made.
6.2. Грамматическое время Present Simple для выражения будущего
He'll come round as soon as he finishes lunch. I'll buy two new ones when I go into town tomorrow. After a time conjunction — while, when, as soon as, before, after, until, the moment (that) — the Present tense is used to refer to the future.
6.3. Выражения отрицания no / none / not any
There's no water in the battery. There isn't any water. There's none left. There isn't any left. When 'no' + noun and 'none' (by itself) are used, the verb is without 'not'.
I went nowhere. I didn't go anywhere at all. I saw nobody (at all). I didn't see anybody at all. Nowhere, nobody, nothing, no one behave in a similar way. Often — much depends on intonation — the 'no/none' forms give stronger emphasis.
Alternatively, emphasis is added by 'at all'.