Semester 6

Для успешного выполнения контрольной работы N6 необходимо повторить грамматический материал 1 - 5 семестров.

Test 6 (Variant a)

1. Read the text:

THE PURPOSE OF STATE PUNISHMENT

What is the purpose of punishment? One purpose is obviously to reform the offender, to correct the offender’s moral attitudes and anti-social behaviour and to rehabilitate him or her, which means to assist the offender to return to normal life as a useful member of the community. Punishment can also be seen as a deterrent because it warns other people of what will happen if they are tempted to break the law and so prevents them from doing so. However, a third purpose of punishment lies, perhaps, in society’s desire for retribution, which basically means revenge. In other words, don’t we feel that a wrongdoer should suffer for his misdeeds? The form of punishment should also be considered. On the one hand, some believe that we should “make the punishment fit the crime”. Those who steal from others should be deprived of their own property to ensure that criminals are left in no doubt that crime doesn’t pay. For those who attack others corporal punishment should be used. Murders should be subject to the principle “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” and automatically receive death penalty. On the other hand, it is said that such views are unreasonable, cruel and barbaric and that we should show a more humane attitude to punishment and try to understand why a person commits a crime and how society has failed to enable him to live a respectable, law-abiding life.

National and local newspapers regularly print accounts of legal cases, and quite often the stories they choose are ones in which the punishment does not appear to fit the crime. It is easy to read a paragraph about a criminal case and to become outraged at the sentence passed by a judge. We have to remember that the short paragraph sums up a complicated legal case which might have taken hours, days or even weeks of court time, and that the judge knew a lot more about the case than a casual newspaper reader. However, sentences and penalties vary widely from one court to another. As every football fan knows referees make mistakes, and the referee is much more likely to be mistaken when his decision goes against one’s own team.

In England there are no minimum sentences, except for murder, which carries a penalty of life imprisonment. There are maximum sentences for other crimes.

2. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What are the three purposes of punishment? 2. What does the principle “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” mean? 3. Why do many people think that society should show a more humane attitude to punishment?

3. Analyse the underlined in the text phenomena.

4. Insert the required articles:

1. ... world is ... looking-glass and gives back to every man ... reflection of his own face. (W. Thackeray) 2. ... clever men are good but they are not ... best. (T. Carlyle) 3. Have you seen ... contract ... junior partner prepared for ... Browns? 4. ... injured were taken to ... hospital by ... passing car. 5. ... Lloyds Bank has numerous offices in ... Far East.

5. Insert the required prepositions:

1. What is she accused ...? 2. We may take advantage ... the rising market. 3. The attorney for the defence objected ... the question. 4. Your offer is being ... consideration now. 5. The case was decided in favour ... the plaintiff. 6. The execution of the contract was postponed ... account ... force major circumstances. 7. I left a message for you ... your secretary. 8. I’m afraid Mr Williams will insist ... your resignation.

6. Insert the required pronouns:

1. We don’t need ... additional investments. 2. We can do the work .... 3. Julia, call ... from the accounting department to explain me some points of the monthly balance. 4. Look! ... is going on down the street. 5. They ..., I mean Mr Nickolson and Mr Jadwick, are very good lawyers, so you may ask ... of them to help you with the will. 6. I’m sorry, there is ... I can do in the circumstances.

7. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense forms:

1. I think we (can) meet next week. 2. Mr Haward informed us that a few days before the plant (to receive) a very large order from the Department of Defence. 3. If we (to sell) the AT&T shares last week we (to feel) more secure now. 4. He (to have) a university degree. 5. The contract (to sign) as soon as the above mentioned alterations (to make). 6. To my regret the sum under the contract (not/to remit) to our account with Vnesheconombank yet therefore we (to have) to postpone the shipment of items ATX305/06 and ATC 09012B until the funds (to come) to our account. 7. Julia says she (to look) for a job since July, but (not/to find) anything suitable yet. 8. Mr O’Tull’s case (to hear) at the moment. 9. I (to take) the job for IT&T before you (to telephone) me last week. 10. He usually(to start) his working day with the brain-washing of the department staff. 11. They (to negotiate) the contract for three days already. 12. When the victim (to enter) the hall the burglars (to search) for jewellery in the bedroom upstairs. 13. Well, I (to lend) you some money, but (to remember), it (to be) the last time. 14. The plant (to construct) by September, 25 to enable Prime Minister to cut the band. 15. This letter (to send) last month after we (to move) to a new apartment. 16. He said that he (to come) to see me the following weekend. 17. Mr Blossom (to come) to inspect our department tomorrow. 18. The appellation to the Supreme Court (to send) a week ago and we (to receive) the verdict in October at the latest.