Текст № 9

In order to represent the morphological structure of words, it is necessary to identify each of the component morphemes. Words that can be divided have two or more parts: a core called a root and one or more parts added to it. The parts are called affixes – «something fixed or attached to something else». The root is the morpheme that expresses the lexical meaning of the word, for example: teach – teacher – teaching. Affixes are morphemes that modify the meaning of the root. An affix added before the root is called a prefix (un-ending); an affix added after the root is called a suffix. A word may have one or more affixes of either kind, or several of both kinds.

Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes. A root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. To find the root, you have to remove any affix there may be, for example, the root –morph-, meaning «form», remains after we remove the affixes a- and –ous from amorphous. Roots have more specific and definite meaning than prefixes or suffixes, for example Latin root -aqua- means «water» (aquarium),-cent- means «hundred» (centennial), Greek -neo- means «new» (neologism), еtс.

Текст № 10

A base is the form to which an affix is added. In many cases, the base is also the root. In books, for example, the element to which the affix -s is added corresponds to the word's root. In other cases, however, the base can be larger than a root. This happens in words such as blackened, in which the past tense affix -ed is added to the verbal base blacken — a unit consisting of the root morpheme black and the suffix -en. Black is not only the root for the entire word but also the base for -en. The unit blacken, on the other hand, is simply the base for -ed.

One should distinguish between suffixes and inflections in English. Suffixes can form a new part of speech, e.g.: beauty — beautiful. They can also change the meaning of the root, e.g.: black — blackish. Inflections are morphemes used to change grammar forms of the word, e.g.: work — works — worked — working. English is not a highly inflected language.

Depending on the morphemes used in the word there are four structural types of words in English:

1. simple (root) words consist of one root morpheme and an inflexion (boy, warm, law, tables, tenth);

2. derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion (unmanageable, lawful);

3. compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion (boyfriend, outlaw);

4. compound-derived words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion (left-handed, warm-­hearted, blue-eyed).

In conformity with structural types of words we distinguish two main types of word-formation: word-derivation (encouragement, irresistible, worker) and word-composition (blackboard, daydream, weekend).

Термины и терминосочетания по теме «Морфология»

abbreviation	аббревиатура
Ablative case	Творительный падеж
Accusative case	Винительный падеж
Active voice	Активный залог
adjective	Имя прилагательное
adverb	наречие
aspect	вид
Aspectual-temporal	Видо-временной
Auxiliary verb	Вспомогательный глагол
Back formation	Обратное словообразование
Bound morpheme	Связанная морфема
Cardinal numeral	Порядковое числительное
Comparative degree	Сравнительная степень
Complex (= compound) word	Сложное слово
composition	словосложение
Conditional mood	Сослагательное наклонение
conversion	конверсия
Countable noun	Имя существительное исчисляемое
Dative case	Дательный падеж
declension	склонение
Degrees of comparison	Степени сравнения
derivation	словообразование
derivational	словообразовательный
diminutive	уменьшительный
ending	окончание
Free morpheme	Свободная морфема
gender	род
Genitive case	Родительный падеж
Imperative mood	Повелительное наклонение
indeclinable	несклоняемый
Indicative mood	Изъявительное наклонение
inflection	окончание
inflective	Изменяемый, склоняемый, спрягаемый
Instrumental case	Творительный падеж
interjection	междометие
Intransitive verb	Непереходный глагол
Masculine gender	Мужской род
mood	наклонение
Neuter gender	Средний род
Ordinal numeral	Количественное числительное
Part of speech	Часть речи
particle	частица
Passive voice	Пассивный залог
plural	Множественное число
possessive	притяжательный
prefix	Префикс, приставка
preposition	предлог
pronoun	местоимение
relative	относительный
root	корень
singular	Единственное число
suffix	суффикс
Superlative degree	Превосходная степень
tense	время
transitive	переходный
Uncountable noun	Неисчисляемое существительное
undeclinable	несклоняемый
Underlying form	Исходная форма
verb	глагол
voice	залог