Термины и терминосочетания по теме «Основные понятия науки о языке»

Linguistics	Лингвистика, языкознание
Functional	Функциональный
Communicative function	Коммуникативная функция
Cognitive function	Когнитивная функция
Sign system	Знаковая система
Means of communication	Средство общения
Linguistic community	Языковое сообщество
Symbol	Символ
Natural language	Естественный язык
Artificial language	Искусственный язык
Body language	Язык жестов
Colloquial style	Разговорный стиль
Dead (extinct) language	Мертвый язык
literary language	Литературный язык
Living language	Живой язык
Language norms	Языковые нормы
Related languages	Родственные языки
Language speaker	Носитель языка
Speech culture	Языковая культура
Language acquisition	Владение языком
Background knowledge	Фоновые знания
dialect	Диалект
International language	Международный язык
National language	Национальный язык
Official language	Государственный язык
Language unit	Языковая единица
Substandard speech	Просторечие
Scientific style	Научный стиль
Formal style	Официально-деловой стиль
Publicist style	Публицистический стиль
notion	Понятие
term	Термин
subfield	Раздел

Тема 3. Фонетика и фонология Текст № 1

Phonetics (originated from a Greek word meaning “sound, voice”) is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs.

The field of phonetics is a multiple layered subject of linguistics that focuses on speech. In the case of oral languages there are three basic areas of study:

• Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker

• Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener

• Auditory Phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener

These areas are inter-connected through the common mechanism of sound, such as wavelength (pitch), amplitude, and harmonics.

Phonetics was studied as early as 500 BC in ancient India, with Paṇini's account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his 5th century BC treatise on Sanskrit. The major Indic alphabets today order their consonants according to Paṇini's classification. In Ancient Greece people are credited to be the first to base a writing system on a phonetic alphabet. Modern phonetics began with Alexander Melville Bell, whose “Visible Speech” (1867) introduced a system of precise notation for writing down speech sounds.