- •I предисловие
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Find international words in the text.
- •Find English equivalents for the following
- •3. Match the English words and word combinations given below with the Russian equivalents
- •4. Answer the following questions
- •5. Translate the passage of the text beginning with «When Ghritopher Columbus...» to «... Particularly silver» in writing.
- •Metals and alloys
- •3. Match the English words and word combinations given below with the Russian equivalents
- •4. Answer the following questions
- •Bronze and brass
- •Vocabulary notes
- •If mixed with tin if you had been a soldier to straighten sword
- •Improvement to bend
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on
- •3. Find out which sentences correspond to the contents of the text
- •4. Render the following
- •5. Translate at sight
- •1, Answer the following questions
- •2. Find out which sentences correspond to the contents of the text
- •3. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •4. Render the following
- •5. Translate at sight
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •3. Find out which sentences correspond to the contents of the text
- •4. Render the following
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •Metal handling
- •3. Look up in the Polytechnical or Metallurgical dictionaries to find some other types of pouring metal in addition to those given ** the text. Give their definitions.
- •4. Find out which sentences do not correspond to the contents of the text
- •Read the following text and find the answers to the question below
- •7. Translate at sight
- •Shell moulding
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •4. Read the following text and find the answers to the questions below
- •Give the title to the text above.
- •Use your translation of 4 in describing the process of «Shell Moulding» as compared with «Sand Moulding».
- •Translate at sight
- •Investment casting
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •Translate at sight
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •3. Find out which sentences do not correspond to the contents ofthe text
- •4. Read the text and
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •Fibre direction
- •Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations
- •3. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •4. Translate at sight
- •3. Translate at sight
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations
- •3. Translate at sight
- •Impact pressure squeeze pressure production
- •5. What do these descriptions refer to
- •Find the key terms in the part of the text «Simple Structure of steel», beginning with «When this cementite is formed...» and to the end of the text. Give their definitions.
- •Make up a summary of the text above.
- •Retell the text «Quenching and Tempering» using the answers to the questions from 1 as a plan.
- •Read the text
- •Find in the text above two coupling terms. Give their definitions.
- •Give a title to the text.
- •Make up an abstract of the text «Hardening» in writing.
- •6. Say what these statements have to do with. Paraphrase them using the words from the text above. Start each answer in this way, «This statement has to do with...»
- •Make up a summary of the text.
- •2. Find in the text «The Sintering Process» synonyms for the following
- •Design rules
- •6. Prepare a report on the topic «The Powder Metallurgy Process» taking in Units 29-33. Use the word combinations from Chapter 3, Appendix 4 «English for Scientific Discussions».
- •Industrial mould-casting processes
- •Introduction
- •Is to do with...
- •Is devoted to...
- •7. Referring to visual aids
- •9. Inviting questions
- •I contents
1. Answer the following questions
What influences greatly the properties of the finished casting?
What are characteristics of all melting processes?
How are refractory linings classified?
What does each of the linings produce different effects on?
Where does each refractory have its applications?
What cupolas are used for grey iron and why?
In which cupolas is ductile iron melted?
What determines the choice of a refractory?
What does the fuel which is used for producing heat have important effects on?
What fuels are used?
What do melting units include?
2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
coal
ductile iron
3) grey iron
4) lining
slag
sulphur
a) iron with a grey fracture
b) a pale yellow non-metallic ele ment occurring in crystalline amorphous modifications burning with blue flame
a heterogeneous body forming on the surface of a metal bath during the melting from its oxides
a solid fuel of organic origin in a highly advanced stage of mineralization
cast iron in which the graphite occurs in the form of spheroids
the layer of refractory materia! covering the interior of a furnace shell or ladle
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3. Render the following
When a solid metal is sufficiently heated, it melts and is converted into a liquid.
Heat is applied to the metal from a heat source of some type, and the metal is melted inside a refractory container of some kind. For example, steel is made in a converter, an open-hearth furnace, a direct-arc furnace, or an induction furnace. It is known that steel made in a converter is different from that melted in an induction furnace, or in a direct-arc furnace.
The most widely used furnace for melting iron for ordinary castings of all kinds is the cupola, in which rapid hot and economical melting is obtained.
Refractories are built in various sizes and the choice of a refractory and its size depends upon a lot of factors.
The two characteristics mentioned above are common for all melting processes.
In the production of heat three general types of fuels are used, namely, solid, liquid, and gaseous. For producing heat for melting fuels used are coal, coke, gas, oil, or electric power.
4. Translate at sight
Все процессы плавки имеют две общие характеристики: металлы всегда плавятся в огнеупорном сосуде, а тепло подаётся из определённого источника тепла.
Сосуды из огнеупорных материалов могут быть различными.
Жидкая сталь может быть получена в конвертере, мартеновским процессом, в дуговой печи прямого нагрева, в индукционной печи. Причем, выбор огнеупоров значительно влияет на окончательные отливки и определяется экономичностью, а также требованиями качества, которые необходимо получить потребителю,
Огнеупорные выкладки обычно классифицируются на кислотные, нейтральные и основные.'Каждая из них влияет на химию металла и образование шлака. На химию металла влияет т*кже и выбор топлива для производства тепла, а именно, угля, кокса, нефти, газа и так далее. Используемое топливо также оказывает воздействие на температуру плавления и возможность *°нтроля процесса плавления.
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Unit 7