
- •I предисловие
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Find international words in the text.
- •Find English equivalents for the following
- •3. Match the English words and word combinations given below with the Russian equivalents
- •4. Answer the following questions
- •5. Translate the passage of the text beginning with «When Ghritopher Columbus...» to «... Particularly silver» in writing.
- •Metals and alloys
- •3. Match the English words and word combinations given below with the Russian equivalents
- •4. Answer the following questions
- •Bronze and brass
- •Vocabulary notes
- •If mixed with tin if you had been a soldier to straighten sword
- •Improvement to bend
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on
- •3. Find out which sentences correspond to the contents of the text
- •4. Render the following
- •5. Translate at sight
- •1, Answer the following questions
- •2. Find out which sentences correspond to the contents of the text
- •3. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •4. Render the following
- •5. Translate at sight
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •3. Find out which sentences correspond to the contents of the text
- •4. Render the following
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •Metal handling
- •3. Look up in the Polytechnical or Metallurgical dictionaries to find some other types of pouring metal in addition to those given ** the text. Give their definitions.
- •4. Find out which sentences do not correspond to the contents of the text
- •Read the following text and find the answers to the question below
- •7. Translate at sight
- •Shell moulding
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •4. Read the following text and find the answers to the questions below
- •Give the title to the text above.
- •Use your translation of 4 in describing the process of «Shell Moulding» as compared with «Sand Moulding».
- •Translate at sight
- •Investment casting
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •Translate at sight
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •3. Find out which sentences do not correspond to the contents ofthe text
- •4. Read the text and
- •2. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •Fibre direction
- •Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations
- •3. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right
- •4. Translate at sight
- •3. Translate at sight
- •1. Answer the following questions
- •2. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations
- •3. Translate at sight
- •Impact pressure squeeze pressure production
- •5. What do these descriptions refer to
- •Find the key terms in the part of the text «Simple Structure of steel», beginning with «When this cementite is formed...» and to the end of the text. Give their definitions.
- •Make up a summary of the text above.
- •Retell the text «Quenching and Tempering» using the answers to the questions from 1 as a plan.
- •Read the text
- •Find in the text above two coupling terms. Give their definitions.
- •Give a title to the text.
- •Make up an abstract of the text «Hardening» in writing.
- •6. Say what these statements have to do with. Paraphrase them using the words from the text above. Start each answer in this way, «This statement has to do with...»
- •Make up a summary of the text.
- •2. Find in the text «The Sintering Process» synonyms for the following
- •Design rules
- •6. Prepare a report on the topic «The Powder Metallurgy Process» taking in Units 29-33. Use the word combinations from Chapter 3, Appendix 4 «English for Scientific Discussions».
- •Industrial mould-casting processes
- •Introduction
- •Is to do with...
- •Is devoted to...
- •7. Referring to visual aids
- •9. Inviting questions
- •I contents
I предисловие
Настоящий учебник предназначается для студентов технических вузов металлургического профиля, обучающихся по специальностям: «Литейное производство черных н цветных металлов» (150I04X «Обработка металлов давлением» (J50106), «Металловедение и термическая обработка металлов» (150105), «Порошковая металлургия, композиционные материалы, покрытия» (150108).
Он может быть также использован при обучении переводчиков в сфере профессиональной коммуникации, подготовке аспирантов к сдаче кандидатского минимума по английскому языку и в работе с инженерами-металлургами вышеуказанных специальностей, изучающих английский язык на курсах.
Целью учебника является формирование лингвистической, коммуникативной и профессиональной компетенции, овладение английским языком как средством общения. Предлагаемые тексты и система упражнений готовят учащихся к чтению и пониманию оригинальной научно-технической литературы, формируют навыки реферирования и аннотирования, развивают умения монологической и диалогической речи.
Учебник состоит из трех глав (Chapters). Первая глава, состоящая из трёх уроков (Units), даёт общенаучную информацию о цветных металлах и сплавах. Эта глава может использоваться всеми учащимися металлургического профиля в качестве базовой независимо от их профессиональной направленности на начальном этапе работы с книгой.
Вторая глава делится на разделы (Sections), каждый из которых состоит из уроков, включающих технические тексты по определенному профилю и упражнения к ним. После каждого раздела дается подробный термнлогический глоссарий (Terminology glossary).
В отличие от первой главы, разделы второй главы не предполагают последовательного изучения в том порядке, в котором они расположены. Предоставляется возможность выбора раздела, соответствующего специализации учащихся.
Третья глава содержит дополнительный материал (Supplementary material) и включает 5 приложений (Appendices): толковый словарь по металлам и производственным процессам; оригинальные тексты по специальности, которые могут быть использованы для работы с учащимися более высокого уровня (аспиранты, соискатели, переводчики); интересные факты о металлах; формы речевого этикета, используемые в научных дискуссиях; наиболее употребительные сокращения.
3
CHAPTER NON-FERROUS METALS 1 AND ALLOYS
Unit 1
METALS IN PERSPECTIVE
Modern civilization is based on metals and millions of tons are extracted from the surface of the Earth every.year. The place of metals in the modern world is supreme in importance. About three-quarters of all known chemical elements are metals.
Since the Stone Age, man has found many materials he could work with. However, the materials that helped him most to develop were the metals. In many regions of the Ancient World man used lumps of native metals he could pick from the surface of the ground: gold nuggets, lumps of native copper and silver.
Archaeologists have found evidence of early metal-work dating as far back as 10 000 ВС. Such finds were made in the Middle East, where deposits of copper were most plentiful. This does not mean that this metal was easy to find, but that there were more deposits in the Middle East than in other parts of the world.
Copper seems to be the first metal which began to oust stone. The need for copper was great indeed. The advantages that copper had over stone as a material for weapons, tools, were obvious. The metal occurred naturally in the pure (free) state and had many good things about it: it could readily be worked to any shape, flattened, pointed and holed. At first, man made it into small things such as arrowheads. Before long, however, man noticed that when hammered copper becomes harder and stronger, but if it is held over a fire - soft, malleable, easy to work.
Gold is the most malleable of all the metals. It is much softer than copper and not very strong. But gold has been valued for thousands of years for its beautiful lustre and scarcity.
4
In about 4300 ВС in the region of the Caspian Sea man discovered the process of smelting - how to extract the metals from their ores.
Two new metals came into use at this time - about 4,000 ВС. The first was silver, prized in those days as it is today, for its beauty, and used for ornaments. It was sometimes found free, lying around, as was gold, but was mostly smelted from ores. The second metal was lead, a dull heavy metal, soft and easily shaped into cups and beakers. Lead is never found free; it has always been smelted from the ore.
During the next 1,000 years the knowledge of the four metals far known - gold, copper, silver and lead - spread to other lands. Troy, near the Dardanelles, was the chief centre of trade and from there goods were carried by boat into Europe. The River Danube provided a highway deep into the continent, and the traders' boats also took metal goods to all countries around the Mediterranean. Eventually they reached Britain, and the art of smelting and metal working became known in this country. Quite early in the history of metal the process of casting was used to shape metal.
So, during the many centuries of his history man has learnt how to mine, smelt and work many metals. But iron - the chief metal of present times - has given the name of Iron Age to the most significant and productive period in the development of human society.