- •Contents:
- •The noun Классификация существительных
- •Притяжательный падеж имён существительных (The Possessive case (s'/'s).
- •The article
- •Test on articles usage
- •The adjective
- •Interesting more/less interesting the most/least
- •Interesting
- •It was an expensive large round antique dark spotted Italian wooden tray.
- •The numeral
- •Дробные числительные
- •0.35 (.35) – Nought point three five/o point three five/ point three five
- •Для обозначения номеров домов, квартир, комнат, автобусов, рейсов самолётов, глав и страниц книг и т.Д. Обычно употребляются количественные числительные:
- •Грамматические свойства числительных
- •The adverb
- •I usually get up at seven o'clock.
- •I have never seen him.
- •The pronoun
- •1.Personal Pronouns
- •2.Possessive Pronouns
- •I saw him somewhere.
- •Is there anything I can do for you?
- •I cannot see him anywhere.
- •I have a few friends in Holland.
- •I've got only few pencils in the box.
- •Test on pronouns usage
- •The verb
- •I study at the Belarusian Jurisprudence Institute. Личные и неличные формы глагола
- •Основные формы глагола и времена
- •Правильные и неправильные глаголы
- •Классификация глаголов
- •Наклонение
- •If I were you, I should confess the fault freely.
- •It takes me only a few minutes to cook this dish.
- •Времена глаголов
- •The imperative mood
- •Present tenses
- •I take he takes
- •The present continuous (present progressive) tense
- •The present perfect tense
- •I have just come and I haven't had my dinner yet.
- •I haven't seen him today.
- •I haven't seen you for ages.
- •For/ since/ ago
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I've been working in the garden all day long.
- •I've known Jack for five years.
- •Past tenses the past indefinite (past simple) tense
- •I bought this book in Minsk.
- •I told him I didn't like fishing.
- •The past continuous (past progressive) tense
- •It was snowing all day yesterday.
- •The past perfect tense
- •The Past Indefinite (Past Simple) / Past Continuous (Past Progressive) / Past Perfect Continuous / Past Prefect Tense. Test
- •Future tenses
- •I'm going to present them to my little brother.
- •The Future Continuous (Future Progressive) Tense
- •I’ll be expecting you at 4 o’clock sharp.
- •It’s no use trying to see your teacher at 10. He will be giving a lesson at that time.
- •I’ll be seeing him this afternoon.
- •Future in the past
- •Sequence of tenses
- •I thought you were born in 1970.
- •Test sequence of tenses
- •The reported (indirect) speech
- •Reported speech test 1
- •Modal verbs
- •I shall be able to come earlier today.
- •It became dark in the room, and he had to switch on the light because he wanted to write the reply letter immedietly.
- •I don't have to get early today; it's my day off.
- •I was to see the doctor at 2 o'clock.
- •It may rain today.
- •I will gladly help you.
- •Test on modal verbs usage
- •The passive voice
- •The passive voice test 1
- •C) will have been X-rayed
- •The Tower of London
- •The subjunctive mood
- •I shouldn't write a letter to him, if I didn't know his address.
- •I souldn't have written a letter to him, if I hadn't known his address.
- •Conditional sentences
- •1.Если он придет завтра, я помогу ему.
- •2. Если бы он пришел завтра, я бы помог ему.
- •3. Если бы он пришел вчера, я бы помог ему.
- •Test on conditional sentences
- •B. Would be e. Would help
- •B. Wouldn’t have worked e. Hadn’t become
- •C. Had worked f. Won’t be sweeping
- •Inversion
- •The infinitive
- •I must go and see him.
- •I'm glad to have seen you.
- •It must have been a pleasant dream.
- •I was going to ask you to come with us.
- •I'm sorry to disturb you.
- •I want you to help me.
- •I ask you not to be late this time.
- •I saw him cross the street.
- •It's difficult for first-year students to read such texts.
- •It's necessary for me to know her new address. (сложное подлежащее)
- •The gerund
- •I don't remember seeing (having seen) him before.
- •In the morning light, she was ashamed of herself for having been elated the night before.
- •1. Дополнение после глаголов и словосочетаний:
- •The participle
- •I'm very much obliged to you.
- •Is the door locked?
- •Types of questions
- •Test 2 special questions
- •There is / there are
- •Is there anything in the room?
- •If we have spare time we shall visit the British Museum.
- •Союзные слова
- •The preposition
- •Предлоги места
- •Предлоги направления
- •At обозначает точку во времени:
- •In the evening – вечером (с 6 до 10 часов)
- •We have lessons from 8 a.M. Till 2 p.M.
- •Test on prepositions usage.
- •Conjunctions and prerositions
- •Word order
- •In summer Peter wrote them letters very often.
- •I usually get up at seven o'clock.
- •I have never seen him.
- •It was an expensive large round antique dark spotted Italian wooden tray.
- •Phrasal verbs reference The grammar of phrasal verbs
Conditional sentences
Условным предложением называется такое сложное предложение, в котором действие, выраженное в главном предложении, зависит от определенных условий, выраженных в придаточном предложении:
1.Если он придет завтра, я помогу ему.
(Реальное условие).
2. Если бы он пришел завтра, я бы помог ему.
(Маловероятное условие).
3. Если бы он пришел вчера, я бы помог ему.
(Нереальное условие).
Условные предложения второго и третьего типа в русском языке объединяются в одну группу по конструкции, а оттенок маловероятности или нереальности передается обстоятельственными словами (завтра, вчера и т.д.).
В английском языке условные предложения маловероятной возможности отличаются от предложений нереальной возможности по конструкции и, следовательно, в английском языке имеется 3 типа условных предложений:
1.Условные предложения реальной возможности (I тип).
Когда условия действия рассматриваются говорящим как реальные факты. Такие предложения принято называть в английской грамматике условными придаточными предложениями первого типа .
При первом типе, сказуемые главного и придаточного условного предложения выражены формами изъявительного наклонения глагола. Cказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в форме будущего времени, а в условном предложении - в форме настоящего времени. Обе глагольные формы переводятся на русский язык глаголами в будущем времени:
If I see him, I shall speak to him. |
Если я увижу его, я поговорю с ним. |
Unless he is busy, he will come to the meeting. |
Если он не будет занят, он придет на собрание. |
2.Условные предложения маловероятной возможности (II тип).
Условные предложения, выражающие нереальное предположение, малую вероятность или невозможность осуществления действия в настоящем или будущем времени, называются условными придаточными предложениями второго типа.
В таких предложениях сказуемое условного придаточного предложения выражается глагольной формой омонимичной форме Past Indefinite изъявительного наклонения (т.е. морфологически сходной с Past Indefinite, но с иным смысловым значением); в главном предложении используется сочетание should (would, might, could) с простой формой инфинитива (Indefinite Infinitive) смыслового глагола без частицы to. Глагол to be в составе сказуемого придаточного предложения имеет специфические формы сослагательного наклонения (Subjunctive), т.е. имеет форму were для всех лиц единственного и множественного числа.
Глагольные формы и главного, и придаточного предложения переводятся на русский язык глаголами в сослагательном наклонении, т.е. формой прошедшего времени с частицей бы.
If the situation permitted, we should test this device. |
Если бы обстановка позволила, мы бы испытали этот прибор (теперь, в будущем) |
Unless the situation were favourable, they couldn’t apply the new equipment. |
Если бы обстановка не была благоприятной, они не смогли бы использовать это новое оборудование. |
3.Условные предложения нереальной возможности (III тип).
Условные придаточные предложения третьего типа выражают нереальное условие, неосуществленное предположение в прошлом.
Сказуемое придаточного условного предложения третьего типа выражается формой прошедшего времени сослагательного наклонения омонимичной форме Past Perfect изъявительного наклонения (т.е. морфологически сходной с Past Perfect, но с иным смысловым значением). В главном предложении используется сочетание should (would, might, could) c Perfect Infinitive смыслового глагола.
If the situation had permitted, we should have tested the device last week. |
Если бы обстановка позволила, мы бы испытали этот прибор на прошлой неделе. |
Unless the situation had been favourable, they couldn’t have applied the new equipment last year. |
Если бы обстановка не была благоприятной, они не смогли бы использовать новое оборудование в прошлом году. |
Exercise 1. Explain the use of the verb forms in the following conditional sentences and translate them into Russian.
1. He walked around the city aimlessly for the rest of the morning, looking into shop windows and thinking of the things he would buy if he had money.
2.If I remind you in a month from now of things you are saying tonight you’ll laugh.
3.What would have happened if you hadn’t done so well yesterday?
4.If I were a playwright I’d write a nice, old-fashioned play in which the heroine is pure and beautiful and makes a man out of her husband.
5.”If I’d answered back like that at your age I’d have been well slapped,” said Mrs.Grey.
6.I said I thought it would be far more fun if your brother had come, too.
7.I remember that if I lit a cigarette in here you always opened the window.
8.If he knew he would have told me. I’m sure he knows nothing.
9.Ronny would bring lots of gifts for Martha and say to me: “I wouldn’t be doing this, if Martha did not treat me well”
10.She’ll only be miserable if you insist.
11.Where would your father have got his tobacco if it hadn’t been for me?
12.It was so dark that he would have lost his way if she had not taken him by hand.
13.”Do you think it’s important?” “Yes, I do. f I didn’t I wouldn’t be here.”
Exercise 2. Supply the necessary forms for the verbs given in brackets in the following conditional sentences referring to the future.
1.I (to be) grateful if you (keep) the news to yourself.
2.I (to be) in the drawing-room in case there (to be) a telephone call for me.
3.Philip says they (to miss) me if I (to leave) before their wedding.
4.In case any crisis (to arise), let me know.
5.The situation has been bad lately, but everything (to calm) down if you only (to stop) making a fuss.
6.It (to be) awkward if she (to refuse) to co-operate.
7.What his father and mother (to think) if they (to hear) of what he has done?
8.If the situation (not to change) by Saturday I (to be) in trouble.
9.I (not to be) surprised if he (to be offered) an important post under the next government.
Exercise 3. Supply the necessary forms for the verbs given in brackets in the following sentences of unreal condition, taking special care of modal verbs.
1.”Are you still thinking of going on that cruise?” “It (may be) enjoyable,” he said,” if one (to have) just the right person to go with.”
2.It (to be) fun if Roberta (to write) a book.
3.I never tried to understand my brother. If I (to try) I (may, stop) him from going away.
4.If I (to be) you, Meg, I (not to let) myself believe this hateful gossip.
5.I (to hate) myself if I (to deceive) him.
6.He said he had no pain, and if it (not to be) for the doctor, he (to get) up and (to go) home.
7.She (can, go) to Cambridge if she (to want).She had been offered a scholarship.
8.You (to be) horrified if I (to tell) you what I have had to go through.
9.If he (not to be) absorbed in his own thoughts he (may, take) notice of her remark.
10.I’m glad I wasn’t at home. He (not to get) much help if he (to ask) me.
11.If I (to keep) to my original plan I (to miss) the whole affair.
12.You don’t understand, Lilly if I (to pick) his idea to pieces in front of you he (to die).
13.Alice thought it (may, be) nice if you (can, join) us.
14.It (to look) silly if I (to tell) them the truth.
15.If I (to be) you I (to try) to rise above it.
16.If I (to be) there, of course, I (to do) something.
17.If it (not to be) for the children I (to leave) you tomorrow.
18.If I (to be) a painter, I (to choose) an entirely new subject every time.
19.Well,I certainly (to put) a stop to it if I (to know) in time.
Exercise 4. Finish off the following conditional sentences.
1.The cake wouldn’t have got burnt if .... .
2.You wouldn’t have got into trouble if .... .
3.Your dress would look nicer if .... .
4.She would have married him if .... .
5.I would have come earlier if .... .
6.He would have got wet through if .... .
7.She would fix the door knob herself if .... .
8.He would drive straight home if .... .
9.I would take her to the party if .... .
10.It would be better for all of us if .... .
11.If it hadn’t been for the rain .... .
12.If it were not for the coming wedding .... .
13.If it hadn’t been for their neighbour .... .
14.If it hadn’t been for his advice .... .
15.If it hadn’t been for his departure .... .
16.If it hadn’t been for his announcement on the radio .... .
17.If it were not for his family .... .
18.If it were not for his scholarship .... .
19.If it were not for my sprained ankle .... .
20.If it were not for the message that he received .... .
21.If your mother were to ask you about me .... .
22.If I had known you were here .... .
23.If he should turn down your offer .... .
24.If you would not interfere .... .
25.If the play had not been so long .... .
26.If we could afford it .... .
27.If the car had not broken down .... .
28.If I were you .... .
29.If you should leave unexpectedly .... .
30.If it hadn’t been raining .... .
31.If the job were to be offered to me .... .
32.If my son were not making progress in English .... .
Exercise 5. Translate the following conditional sentences into English.
1.Я бы никогда не подумал, что это возможно, если бы я не увидел этого своими глазами.
2.Я бы не стал делать этого на твоем месте.
3.В случае, если тебе придется неожиданно уехать, пришли мне записку.
4.Мне бы пьеса понравилась больше, если бы она не была такой длинной.
5.Если бы не его болезнь, семья переехала бы в город.
6.Если бы он пришел вовремя, этого бы не случилось.
7.Если бы пошел дождь, я бы промокла до костей, так как на мне было очень легкое платье.
8.Куда бы ты пошел, если бы не было дождя?
9.Посиди с ним .Если он вдруг попросит чего-нибудь, скажи мне.
10.Если бы я сказал что-нибудь подобное твоей тетушке, она сочла бы меня сумасшедшим.
11.Я буду у себя дома на случай, если ты передумаешь.
12.Возможно,что он чувствовал бы и вел бы себя иначе, если бы обстоятельства были иными.
13.Если бы ты не был так занят, мы могли бы пойти куда-нибудь пообедать.
14.Если бы я задержался еще на один момент, я не знаю, что я мог бы наговорить.
15.Если бы у нас не было багажа, мы могли бы дойти до станции пешком.