• I shouldn't write a letter to him, if I didn't know his address.

• I souldn't have written a letter to him, if I hadn't known his address.

Если сказуемое главного или придаточного предложения содержит модальный глагол can или may, то в сослагательном наклонении употребляются формы could или might.

I could write a letter to him if I knew his address.	Я мог бы написать ему письмо, если бы знал его адрес.
I should write a letter to him if I could find his address.	Я написал бы ему письмо, если бы мог найти его адрес.

Глагол to be в сослагательном наклонении принимает форму were независимо от лица и числа:

If I were you I should know what to do

На твоем месте я бы знал, что делать.

И главное, и придаточное предложения могут в случае необходимости употребляться самостоятельно, сохраняя соответствующие формы:

If I (only) knew his address!	Если бы я (только) знал его адрес!
I could have written a letter to him.	Я мог бы написать ему письмо.

Формы главного предложения называются Subjunctive I, придаточного - Subjunctive II.

Exercise 1.

Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay special attention to the translation of the Subjunctive Mood.

1.I wish I were young.

2.It is necessary that you should read the text twice.

3.He insisted that I should read the text twice.

4.He demanded that the money should be paid at once.

5.It was necessary that he attend the meeting.

6.It is necessary that the apparatus should be operated at maximum efficiency.

7.It was important that a new instrument were used instead of the old one.

8.He suggested that we should repeat the experiment.

9.It has been suggested that this instrument should be used instead of the old one.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into English using the Subjunctive Mood in the English sentences.

1.Если бы сейчас не шел дождь, мы бы поехали за город.

2.Если бы мы заказали билеты заранее, мы не стояли бы сейчас за ними в очереди.

3.Если бы он вел машину осторожнее, несчастного случая не произошло бы.

4.Если бы вчера не было так холодно, мы, возможно, пошли бы на каток.

5.Мы могли бы пойти на каток, если бы не было так холодно.

6.Если бы не ваша помощь, я бы не смог закончить вчера работу.

Exercise 3. Instructions as above.

1.Он,конечно,перевел бы вчера эту статью, если бы не был так занят.

2.Если бы он умел кататься на лыжах, он бы не остался в городе, когда мы ездили в лес.

3.Мы могли бы пойти на каток, если бы сейчас не было так холодно.

4.На вашем месте я бы сам позвонил ему.

5.Если бы ты дал мне статью завтра, я бы вернул ее в субботу.

6.Если бы на прошлой неделе он не объявил о своем решении уехать, он бы сейчас остался с нами.

7.Если бы не моя улыбка, он бы поверил мне.

8.Если бы не тот случай, мы бы так и не узнали, что он за человек.

Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Subjunctive Mood.

1.If you (bring) me the book, I should have read it.

2.If he didn't ring me up, I (not, come).

3.If he (not, write) to me, I shouldn't have answered him.

4.I wish I (have) a tie to match my suit.

5.The doctor suggested that she (have) a long rest in the Crimea.

6.If I (be) you, I should have apologised to her.

7.You wouldn't have so many accidents if you (drive) slowly.

8.If he were in, he (answer) the phone.

9.If you (pass) your examination, we should have a celebration.

10.What might happen if I (press) the button?

11.I should not have taken your umbrella if I (know) that it was the only one you had.

12.If he knew that it was dangerous he (not, come).

13.I shouldn't have gone there if I (be) you.

14.He would have been the best pupil in the class if he (work) harder.

15.We (stay) at home if we had known he was coming.

Exercise 5.Put the verbs in brackets in the required form of Subjunctive

1.You (speak) better if you (be) more attentive.

2.If he (understand) the situation, he (act) differently.

3.He (catch) the train if he (make haste).

4.If I (be) you, I (consider) the matter settled.

5.If only he (be) here, he (can) tell you.

6.If I (be) in your place, I (think) as you do.

7.He (not do) if you (not help) him.

8.If he (be) present, he (may) object.

9.She (come) to see you if she (not be tired).

10.If I (get) the tickets before twelve o'clock, I (come) straight home.

Exercise 6.Put the verbs in brackets in the required form of Subjunctive II.

1.I think that if we (take shelter) under these trees, we (not, get wet).

2.If I (hesitate) much longer before getting into the water, he (not, let) me swim at all today.

3.If she (come) earlier, she (have been able) to see him before went out.

4.He (go) for a ride with you, if he (repair) his bicycle.

5.If a year ago the sailors (be told) they were to undertake a trip of this sort, they (be surprised).

6.If he (be) present, this (not, occur).

7.If the storm (not, rage),the ship (leave) the harbour last night.

8.If our telephone (not, be) out of order, I ring you up this morning.

9.If you (come) between two and three yesterday, you (find) me at home.

10.If I (have) to carry that heavy bag, I (be) obliged to drop it after five minutes.

11.I (not, go) to sleep over that book if it (not, be) so dull.

12.If I (know) you (come),I of course (stay) at home.

13.If anyone (say) such a thing to me, I (feel) hurt.

14.We (never, solve) the riddle, if you (not, put) us on the track.

Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets in the required form.

1.If I had known you were in hospital I (visit) you.

2.If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake.

3.If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.

4.You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week.

5.I wouldn't have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes.

6.I (offer) to help him if I had realised that he was ill.

7.If I (realise) what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you.

8.If I had realised that the traffic lights were red I (stop).

9.The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door.

10.If he had known that the river was dangerous he(not try) to cross it.

11.If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.

12.If he had known the whole story he (not be) so angry.

13.If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.

14.You (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

15.If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him.

16.If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong street.

17.If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was missing.

18.I (take) a taxi if I had realised that it was such a long journey.

19.You (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were going.

20.If you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there.

21.If I (see) you in the street yesterday, of course I (say) "Good morning."

22.I'm sorry I threw the newspaper away, I (not throw) it away if I (know) you had wanted it.

23.Why didn't you ask me to help you? Of course I (help) you if you (ask) me.

24.I'm sorry I couldn't come to the cinema with you last Friday. I (come) if I (not be) so busy.

25.I (not leave) the office early yesterday if I (not finish) my work.

Exercise 8. Write these sentences, using 'I wish" instead of 'I regret’ or 'I am sorry' . Make all necessary changes.

Example: I am sorry I did not go to the concert last night. I wish I had gone to the concert last night.

1.I am sorry I ever tasted this stuff, I feel quite sick now.

2.I am sorry I lent him my bicycle, he has not returned it.

3.The boat was carried away. I am sorry I did not fasten it to the tree.

4.I regret I ever suggested this idea.

5.I am sorry I could not persuade her to join us.

6.I regret I mentioned the subject; it made everybody feel so awkward.

7.I am sorry the performance was so disappointing.

8.I am sorry I had no chance to introduce you to my sister.

Exercise 9. Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1.I wish I (know) all the circumstances by now.

2.I wish I (not eat) so much ice-cream; I have a stomach-ache.

3.I wish I (be) at yesterday's performance. It must have been very interesting.

4.Don't you wish you (come) earlier?

5.The unfortunate sailor wished he (not set) foot on board the brig.

6.I wish I (go) to the doctor when I first felt the pain.

7.Ada wished she (be) back home instead of walking about the aileen city.

8.I hate the cold; I wish it (be) warm and sunny all the year round.

9.Tripp wished he (have) two dollars to buy Ada a ticket.

10.I wish I (not have) to get up early every day.

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1.Хорошо бы сейчас была весна!

2.Хорошо бы на земле не было никаких болезней!

3.Жаль, что я не знаю испанского языка.

4.Жаль, что я не последовал вашему совету.

5.Хорошо бы у нас была лодка для прогулок по морю.

6.Я очень жалею, что дала обещание быть на вечере,я себя плохо чувствую.

7.Ада жалела, что приехала в Нью-Йорк.

8.Жаль, что вы не успели прочитать статью, она очень интересная.

9.Жаль, что я не знаком с семьей Серовых.

10.Хорошо, если бы я мог достать эту редкую марку для своей коллекции.

Exercise 11. Instructions as above.

1.Жаль, что вам раньше не пришло в голову пригласить его. Он с удовольствием принял бы ваше приглашение.

2.Жаль, что у нас было так мало репетиций. Если бы мы больше поработали, пьеса имела бы успех.

3.Как Мэнсон жалел, что у него не было опыта! Если бы обстоятельства не вынудили его, он никогда не обратился бы к Денни.

4.Трипп жалел, что в тот день у него не было ни цента. Если бы у него были деньги, он тотчас бы отдал их Аде.

5.Жаль, что велосипед так заржавел. Если бы ты его чистил, он никогда не заржавел бы.

TEST 1

Choose the variant that best completes the sentence.

1.If I .... her address, I would write to her.

a) know b) would know

c) will know d) knew

2.I would have bought that dress if I .... enough money.

a) have b) had had

c) had have d) have had

3.I would ask him if I .... him better.

a) know b) had known

c) knew d) would know

4.-Why didn't you tell me?

-You .... angry if I had.

a) were b) were to be

c) had been d) would have been

5.-Did anyone see you?

-No, but I .... if it hadn't been so dark.

a) might have been seen b) might be seen

c) might see d) might being seen

6.I'm sure he will give me some money. I .... surprised if he refused.

a) would b) would have been

c) would be d) was

7.It's a pity you couldn't come. I'm sure you .... the concert.

a) would enjoy b) would have enjoyed

c) had enjoyed d) enjoyed

8.Which examples .... useful if you went to Britain?

a) will be b) would be

c) are d) were

9.He would have been able to pass the exam if .... .

a) he studied more b) he had studied more

c) he were studied more d) he has studied more

10.They helped me a lot. I don't know what I .... without their help.

a) did b) would do

c) have done d) would have done

11.I wish I .... smoking.

a) give up b) will give up

c) gave up d) have given up

12.-I can't come to dinner tonight.

-Well, I wish you'd .... me earlier.

a) tell b) told

c) had told d) had been told

13.Oh,how I wish it .... summer!

a) were b) is

c) to be d) will be

14.I feel awful. I wish I .... so much cake.

a) haven't eaten b) hadn't eaten

c) don't eat d) didn't eat

TEST 2

Choose the variant that best completes the sentence.

1.We wish our exams (be) over.

A. were B. are C. be

2.It's always difficult to get there by bus. I wish I (have) a car.

A. have B. had C. have had

3.Sue is taking her English test tomorrow, but she doesn't know grammar well enough. She wishes she (learn) it better.

A. learns B. learnt C. had learnt

4.-Dad is angry with you.

-I'm sorry. I wish I (say) those offensive words.

A. didn't say B. hadn't said C. haven't said

5.We had a wonderful holiday in France. wish we (go) there again next summer.

A. will go B. go C. went

6.Will your sister come to the party? I wish she (meet) some of my friends.

A. would meet B. meet C. meets

7.Mag's lost her key. She wishes she (not/be) so careless.

A. wasn't B. hadn't been C. hasn't been

8.I wish I (not/spend) so much money. Now I have to borrow some from my parents.

A. hadn't spent B. didn't spend C. spend not

9.Terry had a terrible headache yesterday. He wishes he (drink) less at the party.

A. drank B. had drunk C. drinks

10.Sarah looks very upset. Her husband wishes she (not/worry) about their son's troubles.

A. didn't worry B. doesn't worry C.hadn't worried

11.I'm hungry. I wish it (be) time for lunch.

A. is B. were C. was

12.The cake is delicious, but I wish there (not/be) so much fat in it.

A. is not B. hadn't been C. weren't

13.-Are you going to the seaside alone?

-I wish my friends (come) to me.

A. would come B. come C. came